Artículos (Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/26073

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Preliminary Assessment of the Protective and Antitumor Effects of Several Phytoene-Containing Bacterial and Microalgal Extracts in Colorectal Cancer
(MDPI, 2024-10-22) Perazzoli, Gloria; Luque, Cristina; León Vaz, Antonio; Gómez Villegas, Patricia; Rengel, Rocío; Molina-Márquez, Ana; Morón Ortiz, María de los Ángeles; Mapelli Brahm, Paula; Prados, José; Melguizo, Consolación; Meléndez Martínez, Antonio Jesús; León, Rosa; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Union (UE)
The identification of new functional food constituents is a priority to improve the prognosis and prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, several bacterial and algal phytoene-enriched extracts were obtained, and their potential activity against oxidative damage and their ability to inhibit proliferation and cell migration in several human colon-adenocarcinoma-derived cell lines were assessed. The main conclusions indicate that total extracts of Sphingomonas echinoides and Chlorella sorokiniana exhibited the highest protective effect against oxidative damage. All extracts enhanced the activity of detoxifying enzymes, particularly importantly the increase of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity, which reached a value 40% higher than that of untreated control cells upon exposure to Escherichia coli extracts. Staphylococcus haemolyticus and transgenic E. coli extracts significantly arrested the migration capacity of both cell lines, while S. haemolyticus and C. sorokiniana extracts inhibited cell proliferation by 15 to 20% compared to untreated cells. These results point to these extracts as potential antioxidant complements able to protect cells against oxidative damage and with a moderate ability to inhibit the proliferation and migration of CRC tumor cells, paving the way to design functional foods or probiotic formulations with preventive properties against oxidative stress-related diseases, such as cancer, or as starting point for purifying anticancer compounds.
Assessment of milling and the green biosolvents ethyl lactate and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-methyloxolane) for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of carotenoids in common and phytoene-rich Dunaliella bardawil microalgae
(Elsevier, 2024-12-01) Morón Ortiz, María de los Ángeles; Mapelli Brahm, Paula; León Vaz, Antonio; Benítez González, Ana; Martín Gómez, Andrés; León, Rosa; Meléndez Martínez, Antonio Jesús; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Union (UE)
This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of green solvents (ethyl lactate and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF)) compared to conventional solvents (ethanol, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide) in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of carotenoids from Dunaliella bardawil. Two types of algae were evaluated, a control (common) and a phytoene-enriched algae obtained by treatment with norfluorazon. The extractions were performed on fresh, freeze-dried, and encapsulated samples, with and without ball-milling pre-treatment. The pre-treatment had no significant effect on carotenoid extraction for any of the solvents tested. The solvents that achieved the highest carotenoid yield from fresh samples were MeTHF, methanol, and ethanol (control: 2105.3, 2001.8, and 1919.1 μg/g, respectively; phytoene-rich: 3220.9, 3669.1, and 3275.0 μg/g, respectively). In freeze-dried samples, ethanol was most effective in the control strain (14337.1 μg/g), while methanol yielded the most in the phytoene-rich strain (8464.1 μg/g). For encapsulated samples, MeTHF and ethanol were the top performers (control: 421.0 and 394.0 μg/g, respectively; phytoene-rich: 186.9 and 166.4 μg/g, respectively). Overall, the green solvent MeTHF proved to be a promising alternative to traditional solvents in the food industry.
Evaluation of swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla) physiological and qualitative responses to water deficit and salicylic acid treatment
(Elsevier, 2024-11-21) Franzoni, Giulia; Guffanti, Davide; Ferrante, Antonio; Cejudo Bastante, María Jesús; Rodríguez Pulido, Francisco José; Gordillo Arrobas, Belén; Cocetta, Giacomo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Swiss chard is a rich dietary source of bioactive betalain pigments responsible of the red colour of the plant's organs and of phenolic compounds having recognized antioxidant properties. Vegetable colour and appearance, as the first characteristics perceived, are important quality attributes that influence the consumer's acceptance. Currently, elicitation based on growth plant regulator supply is considered in most cases a useful strategy to enhance the sensorial and nutritional value of dietary plants. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of salicylic acid application on Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla) grown, isolated and under water shortage, in relation to physiological and qualitative parameters throughout cultivation and at harvest. Different effects were observed depending on the type and interaction of stress-inducing treatments. Positive effects consisted in highest chlorophyll (r.u.) (+19–40 %) carotenoids (+34–48 %), and phenolic contents (+2–42 %) in leaves when treatments were applied isolated or in combination, which also led to high sugar levels in plants (up to 380 %). Negative effects included the reduction of biomass production (−40 %), leaf size (−38 %), and betalain content (-7-27 %), especially with combined treatments. Nitrate accumulation was not affected but salicylic acid induced a reduction in proline levels probably due to increased carbohydrate and nitrate metabolisms in regulating water deficit.
Usefulness of excitation-emission fluorescence spectralprint combined with chemometrics for authentication of PDO fortified wines
(Elsevier, 2024-04) Ríos-Reina, Rocío; Pérez Bernal, Juan Luis; Azcarate, Silvana M.; Callejón Fernández, Raquel María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Química Analítica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Junta de Andalucía
Fortified wines covered by a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) are high-quality products appreciated by consumers, whose diversity has increased in recent years, leading to an increased vulnerability to fraud. In this work, for the first time, an excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy method combined with two chemometric approaches was developed for the characterization and authentication of PDO fortified wines. A visual assessment of fluorescence landscapes pointed out different trends. The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) was decomposed using Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) for the extraction of potential fluorophores, or unfolded, and then, the resulting matrices were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). Both approaches were able to discriminate the wine type within each PDO, the PDO within a wine type, and the production process. The proposed analytical and chemometric tools could be used as an alternative control method for a rapid screening of Spanish PDO fortified wines.
The green seaweed Ulva: tomorrow’s “wheat of the sea” in foods, feeds, nutrition, and biomaterials
(Taylor & Francis, 2024-07-09) Hofmann, Laurie C.; Strauss, Sylvia; Shpigel, Muki; Guttman, Lior; Stengel, Dagmar B.; Rebours, Céline; Gjorgovska, Natasha; Turan, Gamze; Balina, Karina; Meléndez Martínez, Antonio Jesús; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST); Council for Science & Technology through the FUSION. Malta; University of Aveiro; Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE). Germany; Cukurova University; European Union (UE); Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Israel; Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM). Ireland; Research Council. Norway
Ulva, a genus of green macroalgae commonly known as sea lettuce, has long been recognized for its nutritional benefits for food and feed. As the demand for sustainable food and feed sources continues to grow, so does the interest in alternative, plant-based protein sources. With its abundance along coastal waters and high protein content, Ulva spp. have emerged as promising candidates. While the use of Ulva in food and feed has its challenges, the utilization of Ulva in other industries, including in biomaterials, biostimulants, and biorefineries, has been growing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status, challenges and opportunities associated with using Ulva in food, feed, and beyond. Drawing on the expertise of leading researchers and industry professionals, it explores the latest knowledge on Ulva’s nutritional value, processing methods, and potential benefits for human nutrition, aquaculture feeds, terrestrial feeds, biomaterials, biostimulants and biorefineries. In addition, it examines the economic feasibility of incorporating Ulva into aquafeed. Through its comprehensive and insightful analysis, including a critical review of the challenges and future research needs, this review will be a valuable resource for anyone interested in sustainable aquaculture and Ulva’s role in food, feed, biomaterials, biostimulants and beyond.
Instrumental color measurements of automotive samples with convex cylindrical curvatures under diffuse lighting
(Sociedad Española de Óptica, 2024) Melgosa Latorre, Manuel; Rodríguez Pulido, Francisco José; Gómez Robledo, Luis; Tejada Casado, María de la Natividad; Bermejo Román, Ruperto; Murillo, M. A.; Heredia Mira, Francisco José; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
Although car bodies often have curved surfaces sprayed with solid or effect colors, instrumental color measurements of these surfaces are usually carried out on flat samples with multi-angle spectrophotometers. We used a DigiEye® instrument, equipped with diffuse lighting, to measure color in different areas on the surface of 22 car body samples (105 mm wide x 148 mm high), 10 with solid colors and 12 with effect colors. Each measured sample had 5 convex cylindrical curvatures with radii ranging from 50.4 mm to infinity (flat sample). On the average, color variations are 3-4 times greater in the effect samples than in the solid samples, as deduced from measurements in 27 mm x 36 mm rectangles and circular areas of 8 mm in diameter 32 mm apart. For solid color pairs, the color differences between analogous regions of 8 mm diameter were very similar (standard deviations below 0.2 CIELAB units). For samples pairs with solid colors there was a high linear correlation (r>0.95) between the color differences measured with DigiEye® at 8 mm diameter analogous regions and BYK-mac measurements with 45°/110° geometry, but for color pairs with effect colors the linear correlation between measurements with these two instruments was always very low (r<0.5).
From tyrosine to hydroxytyrosol: a pathway involving biologically active compounds and their determination in wines by ultra performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry
(John Wiley & Sons, 2024-07-23) González Ramírez, Marina; Cerezo López, Ana Belén; Valero, Eva; Troncoso González, Ana María; García Parrilla, María del Carmen; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Junta de Andalucía
Background: Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a bioactive compound present in a limited number of foods such as wines, olives, and olive oils. During alcoholic fermentation, yeast converts aromatic amino acids into higher alcohols such as tyrosol, which can undergo hydroxylation into HT. The aim of this study was to validate an analytical method using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS-MS) to quantify HT and its precursors (tyrosine, hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and tyrosol) in wines. Their occurrence was evaluated in a total of 108 commercial Spanish wine samples. Results: The validated method simultaneously determined both HT and its precursors, with adequate limits of detection between 0.065 and 21.86 ng mL−1 and quantification limits between 0.199 and 66.27 ng mL−1 in a 5 min run. The concentration of HT in red wines was significantly higher (0.12–2.24 mg L−1) than in white wines (0.01–1.27 mg L−1). The higher the alcoholic degree, the higher was the content of HT. The bioactive 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was identified in Spanish wines for the first time at 3.90–127.47 mg L−1, being present in all the samples. Conclusion: The highest HT concentrations were found in red wines and in wines with higher ethanol content. These data are useful for a further estimation of the intake of these bioactive compounds and to enlarge knowledge on chemical composition of wines.
Commercial wine yeast nitrogen requirement influences the production of secondary metabolites (aroma, hydroxytyrosol, melatonin and other bioactives) during alcoholic fermentation
(Elsevier, 2024-08-16) González Ramírez, Marina; Kazakova, Julia; García Serrano, Pedro; Úbeda Aguilera, Cristina; Valero, Eva; Cerezo López, Ana Belén; Troncoso González, Ana María; García Parrilla, María del Carmen; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
During alcoholic fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesizes different compounds, which are crucial for product quality: volatile compounds with sensory impact, and bioactive compounds such as melatonin (MEL) and hydroxytyrosol (HT), linked to health benefits. As many of these compounds are related with yeast's nitrogen metabolism, their production have been studied in four different commercial strains with different nitrogen requirement (Red Fruit, Uvaferm VRB, Lalvin Rhone 2323 and Lalvin QA23) being, Uvaferm UVR the higher nitrogen demander strain. All strains produced the secondary metabolites, notably Uvaferm UVR produced the highest HT concentration, despite its low growth. Uvaferm UVR emerged also as a significant producer of MEL, indicating a potential role in fermentation related stress. Moreover, Uvaferm UVR shows the highest total concentrations of volatile compounds. Multivariate analysis revealed distinct clustering based on nitrogen requirements of the strains, highlighting the strain-dependent metabolic responses.
A Comparative Study of the Volatile Profile of Wine Vinegars with Protected Designation of Origin by Headspace Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction
(Elsevier, 2019) Ríos-Reina, Rocío; Segura Borrego, María del Pilar; García González, Diego L.; Morales Gómez, María Lourdes; Callejón Fernández, Raquel María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Junta de Andalucía; Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (MEC). España; Universidad de Sevilla
The characteristic volatile profile of the Spanish Vinagre de Jerez (VJ), Vinagre de Condado de Huelva (VC)and Vinagre de Montilla-Moriles (VMM)protected designation of origin (PDO)wine vinegars has been studied and compared for the first time by headspace stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HSSE-GC–MS). The possible markers of each category and PDO were assessed. Acetates were the majority group in all vinegars, while ketones, C13-norisoprenoids and volatile phenols showed significant differences between the three PDOs. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), heatmap and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)were performed. According to these results, 1-heptanol, methyl nonanoate, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2,2,6-trimethyl-cyclohexanone, trans-2-decenal, eucalyptol and α-terpineol, were the most significant compounds for differentiating of VC, diacetyl and acetoin, ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate, 2- and 3-heptanone, 2-methyl-1-hexadecanol, 1-octen-3-ol, p-Cresol and camphene for VMM; and β-damascenone, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 3-heptanol, trans-2-hexen-1-ol and trans-2-hexen-1-yl acetate for VJ. Classification results showed that 100% of PDO samples were correctly classified, reaffirming the utility of the volatile profiles for classifying and authenticating wine vinegar PDOs.
Phytoene and Phytoene-Rich Microalgae Extracts Extend Lifespan in C. elegans and Protect against Amyloid-β Toxicity in an Alzheimer’s Disease Model
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-07-31) Morón Ortiz, María de los Ángeles; Karamalegkos, Antonis A.; Mapelli Brahm, Paula; Ezcurra, Marina; Meléndez Martínez, Antonio Jesús; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. United Kingdom
Phytoene is a colourless carotenoid widely available from dietary sources and a precursor for the synthesis of other carotenoids. Although present at high concentrations across different tissues, phytoene is largely viewed as not having physiological activity. Here, we utilize the model organism C. elegans to show that phytoene is bioactive and has anti-ageing properties. Supplementation with phytoene protects against oxidative damage and amyloid-β42 proteotoxicity (a major pathology of Alzheimer’s disease), and extends lifespan. We also examine extracts from two microalgae, Chlorella sorokiniana and Dunaliella bardawil. We show that the extracts contain high levels of phytoene, and find that these phytoene-rich extracts have protective effects similar to pure phytoene. Our findings show that phytoene is a bioactive molecule with positive effects on ageing and longevity. Our work also suggests that phytoene-rich microalgae extracts can utilized to produce foods or supplements that promote healthy ageing and prevent the development of chronic age-related diseases.
Chemical Characterization of Sauvignon Blanc Wines from Three Cold-Climate-Growing Areas of Chile
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2024-06-24) Rojas, Javiera; Viacava, Claudia; Úbeda Aguilera, Cristina; Peña-Neira, Álvaro; Cuneo, Italo F.; Kuhn, Nathalie; Cáceres-Mella, Alejandro; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo. Chile
The influence of the geographical location on the chemical composition of commercial Sauvignon Blanc wines was investigated. The assay was carried out on Sauvignon Blanc wines from three cold-climate valleys in Central Chile, Casablanca, Leyda, and San Antonio. The analyses revealed clear variations in some chemical parameters, especially in titratable acidity, which was higher in the geographical areas closest to the Pacific Ocean, such as the Leyda and San Antonio valleys. Regarding the composition of low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds, 17 compounds were found, and the results show that the Casablanca valley exhibits a greater abundance of monomeric flavanols, such as (+)-catechin, whereas the Leyda valley shows a higher abundance in flavonols and phenolic acids esterified with tartaric acid. Concerning the aromatic compound profile, the wines from the Casablanca valley showed a greater abundance of esters, C13 norisoprenoids, and some terpenes. The PLS-DA analysis revealed some differences, especially between wines from Casablanca and Leyda, demonstrating that the difference in the chemical composition of the wines was influenced by the geographical area.
Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre la prospección de peligros químicos de interés en seguridad alimentaria en España (2)
(Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, 2022) González Muñoz, M. José; Berrada, Houda; Marín Sillué, Sonia; Morales Navas, Francisco José; Pichardo Sánchez, Silvia; Rivas Velasco, Ana María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
A lo largo de la cadena alimentaria pueden estar presentes, incorporarse o producirse distintos peligros de tipo químico que podrían suponer un riesgo para el consumidor. Ya en el 2018, el Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) realizó una revisión de los peligros químicos de mayor interés para la seguridad alimentaria en España que no contaban con una regulación específica, identificándolos y señalando aquellos alimentos o condiciones que, a priori, podrían implicar un mayor riesgo para el consumidor, con el fin de realizar, eventualmente, estudios prospectivos. En este nuevo informe se han contemplado los siguientes peligros químicos y matrices: aluminio, antimonio, cromo (VI), antraquinonas,aflatoxinas en avellanas, melamina, análogos del bisfenol A (BPA) y micotoxinas de Aspergillus (esterigmatocistina). Como en el informe anterior, se ha descrito, de cada uno de ellos, su identificación y caracterización, la evaluación de la exposición, incluyéndose recomendaciones y consideraciones futuras. Por otro lado, la identificación de nuevos peligros para los que puede producirse una exposición significativa, o la evaluación del riesgo derivado de una exposición o susceptibilidad nuevas o incrementadas significativamente a un peligro conocido es importante, no solo a efectos de un eventual control de estos peligros emergentes, sino también de promover la investigación y mejorar su conocimiento por parte de los consumidores y de la comunidad científica.
nforme del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre el riesgo asociado a la presencia de níquel en alimentos para población sensibilizada a este metal
(Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, 2022) González Muñoz, M. José; Berrada, Houda; Daschner, Álvaro; Gil Izquierdo, Ángel; Pichardo Sánchez, Silvia; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
El níquel (Ni) es un metal tóxico cuyo efecto más prevalente en la población general es la dermatitis alérgica de contacto. Existe la preocupación de que individuos sensibilizados al Ni puedan desarrollar reacciones cutáneas eccematosas tras la exposición dietética, dado que su fuente de exposición principal no ocupacional son los alimentos. Por tanto, se hace imprescindible la evaluación del riesgo asociado a la presencia de Ni en alimentos para esta población. Una vez analizada la problemática de la sensibilización al Ni y conocida la cinética y la toxicidad de este metal, se han estudiado las fuentes y causas de la presencia de Ni en los distintos alimentos y el aporte de los diferentes grupos de alimentos a la dieta total. Se concluye que una selección cuidadosa de alimentos con niveles de Ni relativamente bajos puede resultar en la reducción de la ingesta diaria total de Ni en la dieta, pudiendo ayudar en algunos casos a controlar la dermatitis sistémica de contacto en pacientes sensibilizados por Ni. Por tanto, se ofrece a los profesionales que lo consideren una propuesta de dieta para pacientes que presentan hipersensibilidad con afección sistémica al Ni mediante el seguimiento de una dieta baja en este metal, el no consumo de agua procedente del primer chorro en el grifo y la reducción del consumo de chocolate negro de elevada pureza.
Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre las evidencias disponibles en relación a la potencial actividad obesogénica de determinados compuestos químicos que pueden estar presentes en los alimentos
(Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, 2023) Rivas Velasco, Ana María; Bretón Lesmes, Irene; Díaz Perales, Araceli; Gil Izquierdo, Ángel; González Muñoz, M. José; Moreno, Victoria; Puy Portillo Baquedano, María; Pichardo Sánchez, Silvia; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la obesidad y el sobrepeso han alcanzado caracteres de epidemia a nivel mundial. En España, la prevalencia de la obesidad es alta, especialmente en la infancia, y su tendencia ha sido ascendente durante las dos últimas décadas. Mientras la mejora de los hábitos alimentarios y el aumento de la actividad física ha sido el foco principal en la reducción de la obesidad, el rápido incremento de ésta, en países con diferentes hábitos dietéticos y patrones de actividad física, sugiere la posible existencia de factores medioambientales, como la exposición a sustancias químicas con actividad obesogénica. Los obesógenos han sido definidos funcionalmente como compuestos químicos que promueven la obesidad incrementando el número de células adiposas y/o la acumulación de grasa en los adipocitos ya existentes. Entre los obesógenos más estudiados se encuentran sustancias utilizadas en la industria del plástico como los bisfenoles y los ftalatos, compuestos organoestánnicos, retardantes de llama, compuestos perfluorados, bifenilos policlorados y dioxinas, plaguicidas y metales, entre otros. Debido a que el término obesógenos incluye a un amplio número de compuestos, la exposición a ellos puede ocurrir por diferentes vías como la inhalatoria, dérmica o alimentaria, siendo esta última la principal vía de exposición. Los mecanismos de acción de los obesógenos son diversos, pudiendo actuar activando o antagonizando la acción de receptores hormonales nucleares que directamente regulan la expresión de genes involucrados en la diferenciación de adipocitos, peso corporal y metabolismo, como los receptores de estrógenos, andrógenos y hormonas tiroideas, y el receptor activado por el proliferador de peroxisomas-γ, entre otros. Asimismo, pueden actuar en la regulación de diferentes vías metabólicas inmuno-neuro-endocrinas, lo que puede llevar a consecuencias fisiopatológicas en la adipogénesis, lipogénesis, lipólisis, inmunidad, en la influencia en las regulaciones centrales del apetito y del gasto energético, y a cambios en la microbiota intestinal, entre otros procesos. Es importante resaltar que los periodos más críticos de exposición a obesógenos son la preconcepción, embarazo e infancia dada su importancia para el metabolismo, pudiendo resultar en cambios permanentes en la adolescencia y en la edad adulta. En este contexto, el Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) ha realizado una revisión de la evidencia que existe acerca de la exposición alimentaria a obesógenos y su posible efecto en la salud. La literatura científica evidencia en estudios in vivo e in vitro el efecto obesogénico de algunos compuestos químicos presentes en los alimentos, reforzando esta hipótesis los estudios epidemiológicos. El Comité Científico recomienda realizar un mayor número de estudios que evalúen el efecto de la exposición a estos compuestos estandarizando biomarcadores de exposición y efecto con objeto de predecir y evaluar su capacidad obesogénica, y la posible transmisión del efecto a otras generaciones mediante mecanismos epigenéticos. Una vez que se cuente con todas las evidencias necesarias debe existir una coordinación y comunicación entre los científicos, los clínicos y los organismos reguladores nacionales e internacionales con objeto de desarrollar una estrategia global y eficiente en la aplicación de medidas de gestión del riesgo para reducir lo máximo posible la exposición a estas sustancias.
Analytical Methods for Anatoxin-a Determination: A Review
(MDPI, 2024-04-19) Plata Calzado, Cristina; Prieto Ortega, Ana Isabel; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Cameán Fernández, Ana María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España
Anatoxin-a (ATX-a) is a potent neurotoxin produced by several species of cyanobacteria whose exposure can have direct consequences, including neurological disorders and death. The increasing prevalence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms makes the detection and reliable assessment of ATX-a levels essential to prevent the risk associated with public health. Therefore, the aim of this review is to compile the analytical methods developed to date for the detection and quantification of ATX-a levels alone and in mixtures with other cyanotoxins and their suitability. A classification of the analytical methods available is fundamental to make an appropriate choice according to the type of sample, the equipment available, and the required sensitivity and specificity for each specific purpose. The most widely used detection technique for the quantification of this toxin is liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The analytical methods reviewed herein focus mainly on water and cyanobacterial samples, so the need for validated analytical methods in more complex matrices (vegetables and fish) for the determination of ATX-a to assess dietary exposure to this toxin is evidenced. There is currently a trend towards the validation of multitoxin methods as opposed to single-ATX-a determination methods, which corresponds to the real situation of cyanotoxins’ confluence in nature.
Protective effects of sulforaphane against toxic substances and contaminants: a systematic review
(Elsevier, 2024-07-25) Cascajosa Lira, Antonio; Prieto Ortega, Ana Isabel; Pichardo Sánchez, Silvia; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Cameán Fernández, Ana María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Junta de Andalucía
Background Sulforaphane (SFN) is a dietary isothiocyanate, derived from glucoraphanin, present in cruciferous vegetables belonging to the Brassica genus. It is a biologically active phytochemical that acts as a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inducer. Thus, it has been reported to have multiple protective functions including anticancer responses and protection against a toxic agent's action. Purpose The present work systematically reviewed and synthesised the protective properties of sulforaphane against a toxic agent. This review reveals the mechanism of the action of SFN in each organ or system. Methods The PRISMA guideline was followed in this sequence: researched literature, organised retrieved documents, abstracted relevant information, assessed study quality and bias, synthesised data, and prepared a comprehensive report. Searches were conducted on Science Direct and PubMed using the keywords "Sulforaphane" AND (“protective effects” OR “protection against”). Results Reports showed that liver and the nervous system are the target organs on which attention was focused, and this might be due to the key role of oxidative stress in liver and neurodegenerative diseases. However, protective activities have also been demonstrated in the lungs, heart, immune system, kidneys, and endocrine system. SFN exerts its protective effects by activating the Nrf2 pathway, which enhances antioxidant defenses and reduces oxidative stress. It also suppresses inflammation by decreasing interleukin production. Moreover, SFN inhibits apoptosis by preventing caspase 3 cleavage and increasing Bcl2 levels. Overall, SFN demonstrates multifaceted mechanisms to counteract the adverse effects of toxic agents. Conclusion SFN has potential clinical applications as a chemoprotective agent. Nevertheless, more studies are necessary to set the safe doses of SFN in humans.
Characterization of NR1J1 Paralog Responses of Marine Mussels: Insights from Toxins and Natural Activators
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-06-07) Casas Rodríguez, Antonio; Medrano Padial, Concepción; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Cameán Fernández, Ana María; Campos, Alexandre; Fonseca, Elza; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Union (UE); Foundation for Science and Technology. Portugal
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a nuclear hormone receptor that plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression in response to various ligands, particularly xenobiotics. In this context, the aim of this study was to shed light on the ligand affinity and functions of four NR1J1 paralogs identified in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, employing a dual-luciferase reporter assay. To achieve this, the activation patterns of these paralogs in response to various toxins, including freshwater cyanotoxins (Anatoxin-a, Cylindrospermopsin, and Microcystin-LR, -RR, and -YR) and marine algal toxins (Nodularin, Saxitoxin, and Tetrodotoxin), alongside natural compounds (Saint John’s Wort, Ursolic Acid, and 8-Methoxypsoralene) and microalgal extracts (Tetraselmis, Isochrysis, LEGE 95046, and LEGE 91351 extracts), were studied. The investigation revealed nuanced differences in paralog response patterns, highlighting the remarkable sensitivity of MgaNR1J1γ and MgaNR1J1δ paralogs to several toxins. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the intricate mechanisms of xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification, particularly focusing on the role of marine mussel NR1J1 in responding to a diverse array of compounds. Furthermore, comparative analysis with human PXR revealed potential species-specific adaptations in detoxification mechanisms, suggesting evolutionary implications. These findings deepen our understanding of PXR-mediated metabolism mechanisms, offering insights into environmental monitoring and evolutionary biology research.
Semisynthesis of Betaxanthins from Purified Betacyanin of Opuntia dillenii sp.: Color Stability and Antiradical Capacity
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-05-04) Cruz, Silvia; Checa, Neyder; Tovar, Hugo; Cejudo Bastante, María Jesús; Heredia Mira, Francisco José; Hurtado, Nelson; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
The availability of pure individual betalains in sufficient quantities which permit deeper understanding is still a challenge. This study investigates the high-yielding semisynthesis of betaxanthins using betalamic acid from a natural source (Opuntia dillenii), followed by condensation with ʟ-amino acids and further purification. Moreover, the color stability of the four synthesized individual betaxanthins, namely proline (ʟ-ProBX), alanine (ʟ-AlaBX), leucine (ʟ-LeuBX), and phenylalanine (ʟ-PheBX) betaxanthins, was investigated at different pHs. Their relative contribution to free radical scavenging was also scrutinized by TEAC and DPPH. ʟ-AlaBX and ʟ-LeuBx showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity, whereas ʟ-ProBX was the most resistant to the hydrolysis of betaxanthin and hence the least susceptible to color change. The color stability was strongly influenced by pH, with the color of ʟ-ProBX, ʟ-LeuBX, and ʟ-AlaBX at pH 6 being more stable, probably due to the easier hydrolysis under acid conditions. The semisynthesis and purification allowed us to have available remarkable quantities of pure individual betaxanthins of Opuntia dillenii for the first time, and to establish their color properties and antioxidant capacity. This study could be a step forward in the development of the best natural food colorant formulation, based on the betalain structure, which is of special interest in food technology.
Usefulness of excitation-emission fluorescence spectralprint combined with chemometrics for authentication of PDO fortified wines
(Elsevier, 2024-04) Ríos-Reina, Rocío; Pérez Bernal, Juan Luis; Azcárate, Silvana M.; Callejón Fernández, Raquel María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Química Analítica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Junta de Andalucía; Universidad de Sevilla. AGR167: Calidad y Bioactividad de Alimentos Vegetales y Fermentados; Universidad de Sevilla. FQM291: Análisis Químico
Fortified wines covered by a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) are high-quality products appreciated by consumers, whose diversity has increased in recent years, leading to an increased vulnerability to fraud. In this work, for the first time, an excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy method combined with two chemometric approaches was developed for the characterization and authentication of PDO fortified wines. A visual assessment of fluorescence landscapes pointed out different trends. The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) was decomposed using Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) for the extraction of potential fluorophores, or unfolded, and then, the resulting matrices were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). Both approaches were able to discriminate the wine type within each PDO, the PDO within a wine type, and the production process. The proposed analytical and chemometric tools could be used as an alternative control method for a rapid screening of Spanish PDO fortified wines.
Evaluating Moisture Content in Immersion Vacuum-Cooled Sausages with Citrus Peel Extracts Using Hyperspectral Imaging
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-05-20) Feng, Chao-Hui; Arai, Hirofumi; Rodríguez Pulido, Francisco José; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Early Career Scientists; Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society
The moisture content of immersion vacuum-cooled sausages with modified casings containing citrus fruit extracts under different storage conditions was studied using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) associated with chemometrics. Different pre-processing combinations were applied to improve the robustness of the model. The partial least squares regression model, employing the full reflectance spectrum with pre-treatment of the standard normal variate, showed calibration coefficients of determination (Rc2) of 0.6160 and a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 2.8130%. For the first time, prediction maps developed via HSI visualized the distribution of moisture content in the immersion vacuum-cooled sausages with unique modified casings in response to fluctuating storage conditions. The prediction maps showed exact parts with high water content, which will help us to monitor and prevent mold growth. The combination of HSI with multivariate analysis not only quantifies changes in moisture content but also visually represents them in response to various casing treatments under different storage conditions, illustrating the significant potential for real-time inspection and early mold detection in sausages within the processed meat industry.

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