Artículos (Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/26073

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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Spirulina platensis Carotenoids: Effect of Drying Methods and Performance of the Emerging Biosolvents 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran and Ethyl Lactate
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-09-20) Rodríguez Rodríguez, Elena; Morón Ortiz, María de los Ángeles; Mapelli Brahm, Paula; Mussagy, Cassamo U.; Farias, Fabiane O.; Olmedilla Alonso, Begoña; Meléndez Martínez, Antonio Jesús; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
Extracting bioactives from algae is essential for sustainable solutions aimed at enhancing human health. This study pioneers a multidimensional approach that simultaneously compares ultrasound-assisted carotenoid extraction from spray-dried (SD) and solar-dried (SolD) Spirulina platensis, evaluating both food-grade and emerging green biosolvents, validated through COSMO-SAC predictions and optimized using RSM. The SD sample showed higher carotenoid yields with most solvents, consistent with particle size data indicating less aggregation than SolD. Solvent efficacy varied depending on drying method and carotenoid type; acetone was optimal for zeaxanthin and β-carotene from SD and β-carotene from SolD, while methanol and ethanol were more effective for zeaxanthin in SolD. The green solvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) demonstrated excellent carotenoid affinity in COSMO-SAC predictions and ranked as the second most effective solvent in the SD sample, underscoring its potential as a sustainable alternative. RSM models using 2-MeTHF (SD) and ethanol (SolD) showed excellent prediction accuracy (R2 > 98%). Optimized extraction conditions yielded ~4-fold higher total carotenoid recovery compared to non-optimized conditions. Combining computational tools and experiments offers an effective strategy to optimize sustainable extraction of health-promoting carotenoids from Spirulina.
Safety of magnesium orotate dihydrate as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC
(Wiley, 2025-07-10) Turck, Dominique; Bohn, Torsten; Cámara Hurtado, María de la Montaña; Castenmille, Jacqueline; Henauw, Stefaan de; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; McArdle, Harry J.; EFSA Panel Nutr Novel Foods & Food Allergens NDA; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of magnesium orotate dihydrate as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and to address the bioavailability of magnesium from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC. The NF is produced by chemical synthesis and is proposed to be used in food supplements at a maximum intake level of 6100 mg per day by adults. This intake level corresponds to around 5000 mg/day orotic acid and 400 mg/day magnesium. The Panel notes that this would exceed the established UL for supplemental magnesium of 250 mg/day, therefore the use of the NF could be nutritionally disadvantageous. The Panel also notes the previous safety assessment of magnesium orotate dihydrate, where concerns were raised regarding the exposure to orotic acid, based on several animal studies demonstrating tumour-promoting effects. The ANS Panel derived a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for orotic acid of 50 mg/kg bw per day. The margin between the derived NOAEL for orotic acid and the exposure resulting from the proposed maximum use level of the NF is 0.7 (based on the average bw of an adult person of 70 kg) which is even lower than the margin considered by the ANS Panel of being inadequate. The applicant has not provided any toxicological data on the NF or on orotic acid that could address or mitigate these safety concerns. The Panel concludes that the safety of the NF, magnesium orotate dihydrate, cannot be established under the proposed conditions of use. The assessment of bioavailability of magnesium from the NF in comparison to natural sources was not conducted.
Sustainable agriculture with cyanobacterial biomass: Soil experiments on spinach and radish plants
(Elsevier, 2025-11-20) Massa, Anabella; Martins, Diego; Cameán Fernández, Ana María; Cameán Fernández, Ana María; Díez-Quijada Jiménez, Leticia; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Freitas, Marisa; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; European Union (UE); Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). Portugal
To support sustainable food production and improve crop yields, it is essential to explore bio-based plant growth-promoting products. Cyanobacterial biomass has shown potential to enhance soil quality and agricultural productivity. However, some cyanobacteria produce cyanotoxins, such as microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and anatoxin-a, which can adversely affect plant development depending on their concentration. This study evaluated the potential of cyanobacterial biomass as a soil amendment and plant growth stimulant by assessing growth, nutrient content and toxin accumulation in spinach and radish plants. Plants were cultivated in soil treated with no amendment, commercial fertilizer, or cyanobacterial biomass from Microcystis aeruginosa (microcystins-producer), Anabaena sp. (anatoxin-a-producer), Raphidiopsis raciborskii (non-cylindrospermopsin producer), and R. raciborskii (cylindrospermopsin-producer). While biomass additions supplied nutrients to the soil, spinach showed increased sensitivity to microcystins and anatoxin-a, with significantly reduced growth. Overall, mineral concentrations in plant tissues did not increase; most macro- and micronutrients declined, particularly in spinach shoots and radish roots (p ≥ 0.05). Vitamin C content also decreased in most treatments, except in plants treated with the non-cylindrospermopsin-producing R. raciborskii strain, where a significant increase was observed (p ≥ 0.05). Toxic biomass amendments led to the uptake of microcystins-LR and cylindrospermopsin in spinach, and cylindrospermopsin in radish, with cylindrospermopsin levels in spinach exceeding Word Health Organization's tolerable daily intake. These findings underscore the need for a previous detailed characterization of both nutrients and toxins in cyanobacterial biomass to ensure its safe and effective agricultural use, maximizing benefits while protecting food safety.
Omics Insights into Cylindrospermopsin’s Molecular Toxicity
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-10-23) Borja, Ronald F.; Plata Calzado, Cristina; Díez-Quijada Jiménez, Leticia; Puerto Rodríguez, María; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a potent cyanotoxin that poses a significant risk to human and animal health. Due to its occurrence in drinking water and food, as well as its ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms and plants irrigated with contaminated water, the oral route is an important exposure pathway. However, data gaps in the current toxicological data for CYN jeopardize the establishment of health guidance values. In this context, mechanistic data and a deeper knowledge of CYN’s mode of action and its adverse outcome pathways are priorities for risk assessment. In recent years, omics techniques have enabled important advances in the comprehensive characterization of the molecular toxicity of CYN. In vitro studies have mainly focused on liver and kidney models, while in vivo studies have mostly used aquatic organisms. These studies have shown effects at both the transcriptional and protein levels on various signaling pathways related to detoxification, DNA damage, apoptosis, cell survival, and lipid metabolism, among others. However, studies using lipidomic, metabolomic, or microbiomic techniques are limited to date. Nevertheless, a recent study suggests that CYN may also induce gut dysbiosis, which would further extend its toxicological profile. This review emphasizes the need to further expand the use of omics approaches to accurately assess the risks associated with the consumption of CYN-contaminated foods.
Safety of the extension of use of 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283
(Wiley, 2025-04-29) Turck, Dominique; Bohn, Torsten; Cámara, Montaña; Castenmiller, Jacqueline; Henauw, Stefaan de; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of the extension of use of 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF, produced with a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) JBT-3FL) of E. coli BL21 (DE3), is already authorised as ingredient in several food categories, including infant formula (IF) and follow-on formula (FOF). The applicant proposed to increase the maximum use levels of the NF in IF, FOF, food for special medical purposes (FSMP) and food supplements (FS). EFSA estimated the anticipated daily intake of the NF from the proposed extension of use in the relevant food categories. Additionally, a new intake estimate including the already authorised conditions of use in other food categories was carried out. The estimated daily intake of the NF from high consumption of IF alone at the proposed maximum use level in infants <16weeks of age is lower than the estimated natural highest mean daily intake of 3-FL from human milk in breastfed infants. The estimated highest 95th percentile daily intake in infants from the combined exposure from the maximum authorised and proposed uses of 3-FL, is somewhat higher than the estimated intake from the already authorised uses and below the estimated highest natural mean daily intake of 3-FL from human milk in breastfed infants. The same applies to the use of the NF in FSMP and FS. Therefore, the Panel considers that the proposed extension of use does not affect the safety of the NF and concludes that the NF, 3-FL, is safe under the proposed conditions of use.
Occurrence of melatonin and its precursors in wines marketed in Spain determined through a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method
(Elsevier, 2025-11) García Serrano, Pedro; González Ramírez, Marina; Valero, Eva; Troncoso González, Ana María; García Parrilla, María del Carmen; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Melatonin (MEL) is a compound present in foods and fermented beverages such as wine and beer which has attracted the interest of many researchers due to its bioactive properties. MEL is synthetized by yeast during alcoholic fermentation. This article aims to develop and validate an analytical method by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine MEL and its related compounds (L-tryptophan, tryptamine, serotonin, tryptophol, N-acetylserotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, and indole-3- acetic acid) and secondly, to study its presence in wines in a total of 85 commercial Spanish wine samples (53 red and 32 white wines). The concentration of MEL in red wines is significantly higher (13.21–347.50 ng mL− 1) than in white wines (1.35–230.57 ng mL − 1). It is noteworthy that all wine samples are grouped according to the type of wine. This is the first time that a study of MEL precursors in a large sample of wines has been carried out contributing to expanding the knowledge of the chemical composition and bioactive potential of wines.
Exposure to mixed metals/metalloids in early childhood: a cross-sectional cohort study in children from Sevilla, Southern Spain
(Elsevier, 2025-10-13) Quintana-Mejía, María; Hinojosa Hidalgo, María Gracia; Garrido, Ana I.; González, Marta; Millán Jiménez, Antonio; Acosta Gordillo, L.; Periañez, Ángela; Moreno Navarro, Isabel María; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Farmacología, Pediatría y Radiología; AGR258: Alimentos Funcional es e Investigación Toxicológica; HUM965: Transhumancias: Hábitat, Salud, Patrimonio, Tecnología y Arte
The synergy of exposure to neurotoxic substances, including some metals and metalloids has emerged as a global concern due to its effects on neurodevelopment. Thus, this study determined the presence of Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Pb in hair and their relationship with the developmental profile in a cohort of 254 children at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age in Seville, Southern Spain. A cross-sectional examination was conducted, including the measurement of metal-metalloid levels in hair using mass spectrometric analysis with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS). The children's developmental profile was assessed using the Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI). The results showed that each hair sample contained 2 to 10 metals or metalloids. A multiple regression analysis found that a model including all elements—along with factors such as age, number and levels of detected metals/metalloids, maternal education, and developmental measures—was significantly associated with overall development (BDI score) as well as the personal-social, cognitive, and language domains. In this sense, Pb, Al, Mn and As were demonstrated to be the elements with more negative correlations to the different parameters. The interaction effects of metal-metalloid mixtures reinforce global concerns about their differentiated impacts on early childhood, depending on sex and the affected developmental domain. These findings are alarming due to their potential implications as predictors of developmental deficits, psychomotor skills, and future school performance. Thus, environmental surveillance and infant biomonitoring in non-industrial urban settings, such as Seville, highlight the need to redefine territorial strategies for reducing everyday environmental pollutants. This study underscores the importance of addressing invisible chronic exposures and identifying social determinants that modulate neurotoxicity and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Impact of recommended maternal vaccination programs on the clinical presentation of sars-cov-2 infection: A prospective observational study
(MDPI, 2021-01-08) Quintana-Mejía, María; Hinojosa Hidalgo, María Gracia; Garrido, Ana I.; González, Marta; Millán Jiménez, Antonio; Acosta Gordillo, L.; Periañez, Ángela; Moreno Navarro, Isabel María; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Farmacología, Pediatría y Radiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Ministerio de Sanidad; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); AGR258: Alimentos Funcional es e Investigación Toxicológica; HUM965: Transhumancias: Hábitat, Salud, Patrimonio, Tecnología y Arte
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions about the possible cross immunity resulting from common vaccination programs and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, the Spanish Obstetric Emergency group performed a multicenter prospective study on the vaccination status of Influenza and Tdap (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine boost administered in adulthood) in consecutive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a pregnancy cohort, in order to assess its possible association with the clinical presentation and severity of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as to determine the factors that may affect vaccination adherence. A total of 1150 SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women from 78 Spanish hospitals were analyzed: 183 had not received either vaccine, 23 had been vaccinated for Influenza only, 529 for Tdap only and 415 received both vaccines. No association was observed between the vaccination status and the clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or the severity of symptoms. However, a lower adherence to the administration of both vaccines was observed in the Latin-American subgroup. Based on the results above, we reinforce the importance of maternal vaccination programs in the actual pandemic. Health education campaigns should be specially targeted to groups less likely to participate in these programs, as well as for a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign.
Lighting preferences of Iberian sausages for Spanish observers
(EDP Sciences, 2024-10-15) Okuda, Shino; Nagata, Masahito; Okajima, Katsunori; Rodríguez Pulido, Francisco José; Heredia Mira, Francisco José; Ortega-Velázquez, Rocío; Gaviño-Nadal, María Dolores; Casado-González, Jesús; García, Pedro Antonio; Rivas, María José; Tejada-Casado, María; Yebra, Ana; Melgosa, Manuel; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
We report results of a visual experiment performed by 20 adult Spanish observers using calibrated images of 18 samples of sliced Iberian sausages under 15 illuminations, including 8 illuminants proposed by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and 7 light sources found in meat sections of supermarkets in Spain and Japan. Visual results from the pair comparison and magnitude estimation psychophysical methods used in our experiment showed a high correlation (Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient r = 0.915). Illumination strongly influenced color preferences of sliced Iberian sausages. For example, using the magnitude estimation method, the average lighting preferences changed about 2.8/10 for the 15 illuminations tested. There were no statistically significant differences between lighting preferences for different kind of sausages. Exploring quality indices of white lights, we found that the correlated color temperature and gamut area index (Color Res. Appl. 33, 192-202, 2008) provided the highest linear correlations with visual preferences in our current experiment. Lights with correlated color temperatures below 3000 K or gamut area indices below 70 were not preferred. The CIE general color rendering and color fidelity indices provided poor predictions of visual preferences in our current experiment.
Using Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity in Evaluation of Enological By-Products According to Type, Vinification Style, Season, and Grape Variety
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-07-08) Mora Garrido, Ana Belén; Jara Palacios, Mª José; Escudero Gilete, María Luisa; Cejudo Bastante, María Jesús; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Química Analítica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
Large quantities of oenological by-products, rich in potentially extracted antioxidant compounds, are generated annually in the winemaking industry. With the purpose of their revalorization, different types of by-products (grape pomace, lees, and grape seed meal) from the winemaking industry from three vinification typologies (red, rosè, and white) and four varieties (Tempranillo, Syrah, Airén, and Zalema) in two grape growing seasons (2022 and 2023) were considered. Attention was focused on the content of protein, individual phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydroxybenzoic acids, monomeric flavan-3-ols, and procyanidins), and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and cyclic voltammetry). The data obtained showed considerable amounts of protein (around 30%) in red lees and a high concentration of phenolic compounds in the by-products, especially anthocyanins and flavonols in the by-products derived from rosè vinifications and flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, and hydroxybenzoic acids in red grape by-products. The antioxidant activity was different between the by-products. Specifically, the electrochemical behavior evaluated by cyclic voltammetry showed some significant differences. Finally, a linear discriminant analysis based on chemical and antioxidant data allowed for differentiating the samples depending on the type of by-product, type of vinification, and variety.
Comparison of novel blueberry cultivars (Vaccinum corymbosum L.) from southwest Spain as potential sources of dual-function bioactive food colorants
(Elsevier, 2025-07-15) Vázquez González, Marcos; Gordillo Arrobas, Belén; Heredia Mira, Francisco José; García-Estévez, Ignacio; Escudero Gilete, María Luisa; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Junta de Andalucía
Four novel Vaccinum corymbosum L. cultivars (Cupla, BlueManila, Star and Ventura) grown in southwest Spain were compared as sources of red-bluish antioxidant colorants The phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, color expression and stability against pH (2–6) of extracted anthocyanins from their skins were analyzed. Ventura and BlueManila yielded the highest anthocyanin content and, together with Cupla, produced darker and more intense reddish colorants with higher pH stability. Star cultivar, with lower anthocyanin content but higher proportion of flavonols, produced lighter red-bluish colorants with lower stability. Based on phenolic and colorimetric data, a Linear Discriminant Analysis effectively differentiated the extracts according to the cultivar. By multiple regression models, color parameters (L∗, C∗ab, hab) were predicted with a high correlation as a function of anthocyanin composition, grouped by aglycon or as individual sugar derivatives. Therefore, blueberry cultivar selection represents a useful strategy to obtain dual-function colorants with different composition and coloring properties.
Chemical composition and techno-functional properties of grape seed proteins of Vitis vinifera L. grown in warm climates regions
(Elsevier, 2025-08-15) Mora Garrido, Ana Belén; Cejudo Bastante, María Jesús; Heredia Mira, Francisco José; Escudero Gilete, María Luisa; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (CYTED)
Nowadays, the search for new sources of plant-based proteins is increasing due to the high demand caused by demographic and economic growth. The need to reuse industrial waste as by-products is increasing, both to mitigate environmental problems and to promote a circular economy. This study evaluates the chemical and techno-functional potential of grape seed proteins from warm-climates for revalorisation as sustainable protein sources in the food industry. For this purpose, protein extraction was carried out under alkaline conditions followed by acid precipitation. Grape seed protein extracts (GSPEs) showed yields above 40 % and contained 250–420 g/kg proteins. Their amino acid profiles were rich in Glu, Arg and Asp, and poor in Met and Cys. Essential amino acids constituted more than 30 % and covered the requirements of Val, Iso and Phe + Tyr described by FAO/WHO. Their phenolic contents were 224–287 mg GAE/g extract and showed considerable antioxidant activity (728–1834 μmol TE/g extract). Their maximum emulsifying (92 m2/g extract) and foaming (180 %) capacities were at basic pH. GSPEs reported a water and oil retention of 2.0–3.0 and 2.0–4.6 mL/g extract. The techno-functional properties of grape seed protein extracts are similar to those found in other seed protein extracts (Cucurbita moschata or Medicago sativa).
Species- and Age-Dependent Prenyllipid Accumulation in Hypericum Species’ Leaves
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-07-20) Lazdiņa, Danija; Miķelsone, Ieva; Mišina, Inga; Dukurs, Krists; Benítez González, Ana; Stinco Scanarotti, Carla Maria; Meléndez Martínez, Antonio Jesús; Górnaś, Paweł; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Latvian Council of Science
Carotenoid, chlorophyll and tocochromanol biosynthesis and accumulation are interrelated and age-dependent in plants. Model plants produce tocopherols, but do not produce significant amounts of tocotrienols; consequently, the regulation of tocotrienol biosynthesis in plants has been scarcely studied. The Hypericum genus produces a variety of prenyllipids naturally in all parts of the plant, allowing for a glimpse into the relationship between them without genetic or other interference. Consequently, five Hypericum species’ leaves of different ages were investigated—H. androsaemum, H. pseudohenryi, H. hookerianum, H. patulum and one hybrid H. × inodorum (H. androsaemum × H. hircinum). The leaves contained predominantly α-tocopherol, γ-tocotrienol and δ-tocotrienol (30.9–212.8, 8.13–22.43 and 1.87–20.8 mg 100 g−1, respectively). Higher quantities of tocochromanols, a lower chlorophyll content and a higher a/b ratio were observed in the bottom (older) leaves. The predominant carotenoids were lutein (semi-quantitative) and β-carotene (7.60–28.63 and 2.33–12.43 mg 100 g−1, respectively). Carotenoid contents were lower in bottom leaves than in middle or top leaves, and the highest carotenoid content was observed in H. hookerianum and H. patulum. Leaf tocopherol, tocotrienol, chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation were section and leaf age-dependent, and distinct relationships can be observed between the accumulation of some prenyl lipids, but not others.
Bioaccumulation, Distribution and Biotransformation of Cylindrospermopsin in Potato (Solanum tuberosum) After Exposure by Surface or Sprinkler Irrigation
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-06-12) Duque, Fredy; Prieto Ortega, Ana Isabel; Cascajosa Lira, Antonio; Montenegro, Luis Carlos; Campos, Alexandre; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Cameán Fernández, Ana María; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; European Union (UE); Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Cylindrospermopsin is an emerging cyanotoxin that can lead to phytotoxicity through different mechanisms. The presence of CYN in irrigation waters is of concern due to potential accumulation in plants, increasing the risk of human exposure by the consumption of vegetables. In this case, it is proposed to evaluate the effects of CYN on a crop considered staple food in Colombia, such as Solanum tuberosum, group Phureja var Criolla Colombia, known as “yellow potato”. This work evaluates for the first time the effects of CYN in potato plants exposed to this toxin using two different irrigation systems, surface and sprinkler irrigation. The parameters evaluated were CYN bioaccumulation and biotransformation in different parts of the potato plants irrigated with water containing CYN at environmentally relevant concentrations (84.65, 33.80, 3.05 and 3.05 µg/L after first, second, and third to fourth applications, respectively) and changes in nutritional mineral content in tubers. For this purpose, the concentrations of CYN and its potential metabolites in leaves, stem, roots, and tubbers of the plants exposed to the toxin were determined by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography–MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS). Mineral content was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). CYN bioaccumulation was detected only in aerial parts of plants with sprinkler irrigation. A total of 57 CYN metabolites were found, and the main differences obtained in CYN biotransformation are linked to tissues and exposure conditions. There are significant differences in levels of Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in tubers depending on CYN treatment, with higher contents after surface irrigation, and lower content with sprinkler application. These results demonstrate that the exposure conditions are an important factor for the potential presence and effects of CYN in potato plants.
Theoretical Prediction of the Color Expression of Malvidin 3-Glucoside by In Silico Tristimulus Colorimetry: Effects of Structure Conformational Changes and Molecular Interactions
(MDPI, 2025) Chamizo González, Francisco; Heredia Mira, Francisco José; López Molina, María Fernanda; Rodríguez Pulido, Francisco José; González-Miret Martín, María Lourdes; Gordillo Arrobas, Belén; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Junta de Andalucía; European Union (UE). H2020
The development of in silico methods for accurately predicting the perceived color of wine pigments is still a challenge for current theoretical approaches. In this work, computational tools (docking and molecular dynamics) in conjunction with TD-DFT calculations and the basis of tristimulus colorimetry in the CIELAB color space were applied to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the color expression of malvidin 3-glucoside. The 3D structure of different malvidin 3-glucoside conformers was obtained, and the theoretical visible spectra were computed, providing insight into the effects of the internal distortions of the flavylium chromophore (involving the dihedral angle) and non-covalent interactions (with a grape seed peptide) on the predicted color due to copigmentation phenomena. The results show a strong relationship between the conformational changes of the flavylium cation and the predicted CIELAB parameters, mainly the hue. The simulated malvidin 3-glucoside–grape seed peptide interactions allowed a good hue prediction of energetically favorable conformations of anthocyanin complexes as part of the comprehensive appearance in wines.
Safety of Yellow Tomato Extract as a Novel Food Pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283
(Wiley, 2025) Turck, Dominique; Bohn, Torsten; Cámara, Montaña; Castenmiller, Jacqueline; De Henauw, Stefaan; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Maciuk, Alexandre; Mangelsdorf, Inge; McArdle, Harry J.; McNulty, Breige; Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition,Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on yellowtomato extract used as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2283/2015.The NF which is the subject of the application is a carotenoid-rich extract fromthe yellow tomato containing predominantly phytoene plus phytofluene (PE/PF)at up to 10% of the NF, as well as a lesser amount of zeta-carotene (≤ 5%), beta-carotene (≤ 0.5%) and lycopene (≤ 0.4%). The NF is produced from the tomato pulpusing supercritical CO2 extraction. The applicant proposes to use the NF in foodsupplements (FS) for adults only at a maximum daily dose of 100 mg. The intakeof lycopene from such FS would correspond to 0.4 mg/day which corresponds to5.7 μg/kg body weight and day for an adult weighing 70 kg. This is approximately1.1% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for lycopene established by EFSA (i.e. 0.5mg/kg body weight), which does not raise safety concerns. According to the ex-posure assessment performed by EFSA, which included all population age groups,the highest mean and highest P95 intakes/kg bw estimates for PE/PF from thebackground diet of infants and toddlers are higher than the combined exposureof adults from the background diet and the NF under its proposed use and uselevels in food supplements. Noting that the main sources for PE/PF are commonlyand regularly consumed also by the youngest age groups and that PE/PF exposurefrom the background diet does not raise safety concern, the Panel considers thatthe NF is nutritionally not disadvantageous at the proposed intake of the NF of upto 100 mg/day used in FS in adults. The Panel concludes that the NF, yellow tomatoextract, is safe under the proposed conditions of use.
Safety of Grain and Flour from Perennial Intermediate Wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) as a Novel Food Pursuantto Regulation (EU) 2015/2283
(Wiley, 2025) Turck, D.; Bohn, T.; Cámara, M.; Castenmiller, J.; de Henauw, S.; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Maciuk, A.; Mangelsdorf, I.; Mcardle, H. J.; McNulty, B.; Hirsch-Ernst, K. I.; EFSA Panel on Nutrition; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition,Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on grainand flour from perennial intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) (Thinopyrum intermedium)as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF, composedprimarily of carbohydrates, proteins and water, is produced by cultivating the IWGplant and subsequently processing it to yield either grains or flour. The targetpopulation proposed by the applicant is the general population and the NF is pro-posed as a food ingredient in several food products. Considering the nutritionalprofile of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, its consumption is considerednot nutritionally disadvantageous, and the Panel considers that no toxicologicalstudies are required on this NF. The microbiological analyses for several batchesof the NF revealed high microbial counts regarding total aerobic microbial count,Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds, highlighting excessive variability in thehygiene conditions along the production process. The NF has the same potentialas wheat, barley and rye to trigger IgE-mediated allergic reactions in cereal-allergicindividuals and/or adverse reactions in individuals with coeliac disease under theproposed conditions of use. The Panel notes that, due to the high microbial loadsobserved in both IWG grain and flour batches, the microbiological quality of theNF is compromised. The potential presence of Enterobacteriaceae and opportun-istic pathogen Pantoea species, such as P. agglomerans, and further released com-pounds could pose safety concerns. Moreover, the provided stability data do notsupport a 12-month shelf-life for the NF. Based on the available data, the Panelconcludes that the safety of the NF, grain and flour from perennial intermediatewheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) cannot be established.
Safety of Dried Biomass Powder of Chlamydomonas ReinhardtiiTHN 6 as a Novel Food Pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283
(Wiley, 2025) Turck, Dominique; Cámara, Montaña; Bohn, Torsten; Castenmiller, Jacqueline; de Henauw, Stefaan; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Maciuk, Alexandre; Mangelsdorf, Inge; McNulty, Breige; Naska, Androniki; Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition,Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on driedbiomass powder of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii THN 6 as a novel food (NF) pur-suant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. During the risk assessment, the Panel iden-tified a number of data gaps which needed to be addressed by the applicant.Therefore, an EFSA request for additional information was sent to the applicant.The requested data pertained to the identity, the production process, composi-tion, specifications, history of use, proposed uses and use levels, nutritional infor-mation, genotoxicity and allergenicity of the NF. Despite being contacted severaltimes, the applicant did not reply to EFSA's requests for additional data. The Panelconcludes that, based on the available data, the safety of the NF, i.e. dried biomasspowder of C. reinhardtii THN 6, cannot be established.
Safety of D-allulose as a Novel Food Pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283
(Wiley, 2025) Turck, D.; Cámara, M.; Bohn, T.; Castenmiller, J.; de Henauw, S.; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Maciuk, A.; Mangelsdorf, I.; McNulty, B.; Naska, A.; Hirsch-Ernst, K. I.; EFSA Panel on Nutrition; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition,Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion onD-allulose as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. During therisk assessment, the Panel identified a number of data gaps, which needed to beaddressed by the applicant. Therefore, an EFSA request for additional informationwas sent to the applicant. The requested data concerned the identity, the produc-tion process, proposed uses and use levels, genotoxicity and human data of theNF. Despite being contacted several times, the applicant did not reply to EFSA'srequests for additional data. Based on the available data, the Panel concludes thatthe safety of the NF, i.e. D-allulose, cannot be established.
Safety of Clostridium Butyricum TO-A as a Novel Food Pursuantto Regulation (EU) 2015/2283
(Wiley, 2025) Turck, Dominique; Bohn, Torsten; Cámara, Montaña; Castenmiller, Jacqueline; de Henauw, Stefaan; Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía; Maciuk, Alexandre; Mangelsdorf, Inge; McNulty, Breige; Naska, Androniki; Hirsch-Ernst, Karen Ildico; Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition,Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion onClostridium butyricum TO-A as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU)2015/2283. The NF, which is proposed by the applicant to be used as a food sup-plement, is sufficiently characterised. The information provided on the produc-tion process, composition, stability and specifications of the NF is sufficient anddoes not raise safety concerns. Based on the findings of a repeated dose 90- dayoral toxicity study in rats, and considering an uncertainty factor of 200, the Panelestimated a safe dose in humans of 4.5 × 10 6 colony forming unit (CFU)/kg bodyweight (bw) per day. However, considering that appropriate initial bacteria coloni-sation of the gastrointestinal tract in humans, in particular during the first 3 yearsof life, profoundly affects health during infancy and childhood, that disruptionsto the microbiota early in life can have lasting health effects into adulthood, andtaking into account that the 90-day oral toxicity study was conducted in adult rats,the Panel considers that the target population for the NF should be restricted tochildren above 3 years of age, adolescents and adults, excluding pregnant andlactating women. The Panel concludes that the NF, C. butyricum TO-A, is safe at1.0 × 10 8 CFU/day for other children (3 to < 10 years), 2.0 × 10 8 CFU/day for adoles-cents from 10 to < 14 years, 2.8 × 10 8 CFU/day for adolescents from 14 to < 18 yearsand 3.2 × 10 8 CFU/day for adults, excluding pregnant and lactating women.

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