Artículos (Construcciones Arquitectónicas II)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/11312

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A strategic methodological roadmap for designing circular economy data aystems: from integrated architecture to indicator prioritization
(MDPI, 2026-06-09) Falah, Nadia; Marrero Meléndez, Madelyn; Solís-Guzmán, Jaime; Zum Brock, Janus; Kuchta, Kerstin; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; TEP172: Arquitectura: Diseño y Técnica
Despite growing global interest in Circular Economy (CE) strategies, developing reliable and scalable CE data systems remains challenging, due to methodological gaps. These include the absence of stepwise planning frameworks, lack of integrated cross-sectoral data architectures, and inadequate mechanisms for indicator prioritization. This theoretical and conceptual study introduces a comprehensive three-layered methodological framework, TRIADS (Three-layer Integrated Architecture for Decision-Support in Circular Systems), to support the strategic design, operational structure, and adaptive evaluation of CE data systems. Layer 1 defines a Strategic Roadmap involving planning, stakeholder engagement, and iterative system development. Layer 2 establishes an Integrated Data Architecture that enables data acquisition, storage, interoperability, and delivery in compliance with privacy regulations. Layer 3 focuses on CE Indicator Development using structured literature mining, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), along with AI-assisted ranking techniques. The proposed roadmap, TRIADS, was systematically compared against 13 existing CE frameworks using 20 evaluation criteria derived through literature review and text mining analysis. TRIADS appears to address most evaluation criteria compared to existing frameworks. Key findings indicate that current CE frameworks suffer gaps in advanced implementation capabilities, which TRIADS successfully addresses. TRIADS provides practitioners with standardized protocols for CE system design, reducing implementation time and enabling cross-sector benchmarking through unified metrics. By embedding stakeholder feedback and contextual adaptation, this unified framework enables evidence-based CE strategy implementation within diverse operational environments. While this theoretical study focuses on framework development rather than empirical cases, inclusive evaluation suggests practical implementation potential, pending empirical validation.
Presencia, valores, visiones y representaciones del hispanismo latinoamericano en la Exposición Iberoamericana de Sevilla de 1929
(Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert, 2013) Graciani García, Amparo; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II
La Exposición Iberoamericana de Sevilla de 1929 constituyó un escenario estratégico para el hispanismo latinoamericano del siglo XX. En ella confluyeron distintas perspectivas aportadas por los gobiernos de los países concurrentes, que, con fines demagógicos, promovieron su exaltación como base del progreso de la nación, orientando el estilo de los pabellones representativos y su ornamentación así como los contenidos de las exposiciones artísticas. Este artículo se centra en el análisis de las diferentes interpretaciones nacionalistas que convergieron en Sevilla, unas enfatizando la raza hispana (Argentina y Perú) y otras sus acepciones americanistas, encauzadas hacia la exaltación de las razas indígenas (México y Colombia) o de la raza mestiza (México, Perú y Chile).
Evaluating the effectiveness of video-based hybrid learning in architecture and engineering: a mixed-methods approach
(MDPI, 2026-04-15) Bienvenido Huertas, José David; Hoz Torres, María Luisa de la; Aguilar Aguilera, Antonio Jesús; Pérez Fargallo, Alexis; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II
The use of hybrid classes, where face-to-face classroom and asynchronous activities are combined in an online environment, helps save time and provides students with resources to study and review the materials. Although numerous empirical studies have analyzed the effectiveness of this teaching approach in university degrees in different areas of knowledge, conclusive results regarding academic performance and technical skill acquisition have not yet been provided in architecture and building engineering degrees. These disciplines require specific investigation due to their high visual and practical complexity. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a video-based hybrid model to improve student performance. Using a mixed-methods design, hybrid teaching was implemented in the construction and installation subject (N = 119) during the 2022/2023 academic year. The results obtained were then analyzed with a holistic approach, including students’ performance, behavior, feelings, and opinions. The results have shown how using the hybrid classroom led to an improvement in student performance rate compared to the previous academic year with traditional teaching methodologies. These findings suggest that hybrid models are a viable solution to reduce high failure rates in technical degrees.
Advancing digital construction management in Latin America through drones (UAVs): benefits, challenges, and future directions
(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile: Departamento de Ingeniería y Gestión de la Construcción, 2025) Concha, Alexis; Dragoni Aravena, Enzo; Forcael Durán, Eric Fabián; González Retamal, Marcelo; Pérez Fargallo, Alexis; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II
Relevant developments within the field of digital construction management have been proposed in recent years to solve the industry’s problems. Construction in Latin America faces challenges that demand innovation and the integration of new technologies. In this context, this research focused on analyzing the impact of implementing drones in digital construction management, identifying their benefits, challenges, and opportunities for future development. The use of drones in Latin America is a field that, although there has been progress, remains underexplored, representing an opportunity to understand their contribution to construction projects. Thus, the objective of this research is to identify synergies with other technologies and their potential to make a significant step forward for digital management in Latin America. The study was conducted through a systematic literature review, using specialized databases. Documents published in recent years, contextualized within the Latin American context, were prioritized. As a result, the research demonstrated that drones contribute to the development of digital construction project management, optimizing timelines and quality control, improving scheduling, and increasing efficiency in construction inspection processes. The study also highlights the importance of thoroughly investigating the costs associated with implementing these technologies in the region.
Seasonal and Spatial Assessment of Residential Photovoltaic Feasibility in Spain Under Current and Future Climate Conditions Using the APV,N Indicator
(MDPI, 2026) Torres González, Marta; Delgado Gutiérrez, Evelyn Yaneth; Kiszkis, Weronika; Rubio Bellido, Carlos; Ingeniería Gráfica; Construcciones Arquitectónicas I; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
This study evaluates the spatial and seasonal feasibility of residential PV integration across 52 Spanish municipalities representing the country’s main urban areas. The assessment is based on the normalized photovoltaic sizing indicator (APV,N), defined as the PV area required to offset electricity demand per square metre of conditioned floor area. Simulations were performed under current climate conditions and future projections for 2050 and 2100 using the RCP4.5 scenario. Results reveal strong climatic and seasonal contrasts. Under current conditions, annual PV generation offsets approximately 17–18% of residential electricity demand. Southern and Mediterranean municipalities show the highest feasibility, with annual APV,N values of approximately 2–2.5, whereas northern and inland regions present severe winter limitations, with APV,N values frequently exceeding 15–20. Summer is the most favourable season, with PV systems covering more than 50% of seasonal demand in several southern municipalities. Future climate projections indicate a progressive improvement in PV feasibility. Under RCP4.5, annual APV,N decreases by approximately 5–10% by 2100, while the production-to-consumption (P/C) ratio improves by about 15–20% relative to present conditions, mainly due to reduced heating demand. The results demonstrate that future climate conditions may improve the viability of residential PV systems in Spain, particularly in southern and coastal urban areas, while northern regions will remain constrained during winter. The study provides quantitative benchmarks for climate-sensitive PV planning and long-term urban energy strategies.
Recognizing the effect of the thermal environment on self-perceived productivity in offices: A structural equation modeling perspective
(Elsevier, 2022-02-15) Soto Muñoz, Jaime; Trebilcock Kelly, Maureen; Flores Alés, Vicente; Caamaño Carrillo, Christian; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT). Chile; TEP198: Materiales y Construcción
The evaluation of productivity in office buildings is particularly complex; studies indicate that occupants’ perceptions reflect thermal conditions and are therefore an important element to consider. This research reveals the interrelationships and relative influences of the thermal environmental factors of offices on the perceived productivity of workers. Through fieldwork conducted in winter and summer in 18 Chilean office buildings, information was collected from 940 occupants on 32 variables related to the thermal environment and self-perceived productivity. A total of 3551 responses were used together with environmental and physical data on the indoor built space to formulate a model that recognizes the effect of the thermal environment on productivity. In this model, the constructs of individual thermal sensation, thermal preference, and thermal acceptability are mediating variables that originate in different office parameters and influence perceived productivity. Subsequently, the model was validated and specified following the SEM methodology, thereby resulting in a reduced model of 10 significant variables. An analysis of the interrelationships established the importance of these variables associated with the design of built space and the management of comfort strategies considering work productivity.
Understanding the perceived productivity of office occupants in relation to workspace thermal environment
(Taylor & Francis, 2022) Soto Muñoz, Jaime; Trebilcock Kelly, Maureen; Flores Alés, Vicente; Ramírez Vielma, Raúl; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; TEP198: Materiales y Construcción
This study examines the perceived productivity of office occupants in moderate thermal environments in Chile. Specifically, it analyses environmental parameters and contrasts participants’ self-reported answers to cross-sectional and retrospective questionnaires. To this end, data were collected for one day in winter and one day in summer, in eighteen office buildings in the cities of Concepción and Santiago. The results show that the average operative temperatures are 22.2 °C in winter and 23.5 °C in summer. 80.5% of the occupants declared their productivity to be normal on the cross-sectional survey. However, on the retrospective survey, 82.7% said that their productivity is affected by the thermal environment. To reveal the interrelationships between perceived productivity and the thermal environment, a categorical principal components analysis was carried out. It demonstrated that there is only a relationship between cross-sectional and retrospective productivity in winter. Subsequently, a good-fitting structural equation model was created, which showed that different relationships exist between the variables. These findings could enable organizations and design professionals to better understand occupants’ perceived productivity in relation to thermal conditions in office buildings.
Physical–mechanical behavior of cement and lime mortars with mixed aggregate of sand and crushed recycled glass
(Elsevier, 2026) Alducín Ochoa, Juan Manuel; Martín del Río, Juan Jesús; Corona, Yanet; Torres González, Marta; Flores Alés, Vicente; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Ingeniería Gráfica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; TEP198: Materiales y Construcción
Mortars made of mixed cement and lime (mixed mortar) have good mechanical behaviour and improve adhesion to other materials. In this study, mixed mortars have been prepared and characterized with a partial replacement of 25% of the natural aggregate by recycled crushed glass. The physical and mechanical properties have been evaluated and the ultrasonic transmission rates have been determined. The Student's t-test was used to statistically analyze the outcomes. Internal structures and potential mineralogical alterations were analyzed by SEM. The characteristics of these mortars were compared with those of reference ones. The resistance results have revealed an improvement of the mixed mortar with glass compared to the reference mixed mortar of 14% in bending and 10% in compression. Moreover, a decrease in Young's modulus has been shown in mixed mortars with glass in comparison with the reference mixed mortars, although the addition of glass does not imply statistically significant differences.
Energy poverty in extreme climates: thermal retrofitting as an alternative to gas subsidies in Punta Arenas, Chile
(MDPI, 2026-05-07) Valenzuela Pezo, Nicolás; Muñoz Viveros, Cristian; Rubio Bellido, Carlos; Pérez Fargallo, Alexis; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; RNM162: Composición, Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente
In the extreme climate of Punta Arenas, in southern Chile, Energy Poverty (EP) has been historically addressed via a gas subsidy for heating and a discount considering the dwelling’s value, reducing the price paid by the homes by around 70% compared to the national average, albeit without intervention measures for the low thermal performance of the housing stock built before 2000. This study sought to evaluate the technical, economic, and fiscal feasibility of replacing consumption subsidies with thermal retrofitting. A representative standard dwelling (V4, 114 m2) was modeled using dynamic simulation in DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus and calibrated against monthly gas consumption (July 2024–June 2025) using normalized mean bias error (NMBE) and the coefficient of variation in the root-mean-square error (CV(RMSE)) according to ASHRAE Guideline 14. The baseline and retrofitted scenarios were compared and extrapolated to the pre-2000 stock of 38,605 homes at coverage levels of 0%, 20%, 50%, and 80%. In the standard dwelling, the annual consumption decreased from 5181.5 to 702.5 m3/year (49,224 to 6674 kWh/year), a decrease of 86.4%. On an overall scale, aggregate consumption fell from 1820 GWh/year (0%) to 1562, 1090, and 608 GWh/year at 20%, 50%, and 80% coverage, respectively. With an investment of US$25,289.00 and annual fiscal savings of US$6458.54, the net present value is US$49,470.36, and the benefit/cost ratio is 2.96 over 20 years (6% discount rate), indicating that investment in the housing stock’s performance consistently reduces vulnerability and fiscal pressure.
Integrated evidence of winter childhood exposure to CO2 in housing and classrooms in Santiago de Chile
(MDPI, 2026-05-14) Moltedo Medina, Javiera; Trebilcock Kelly, Maureen; Rubio Bellido, Carlos; Pérez Fargallo, Alexis; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT). Chile; RNM162: Composición, Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente
During the winter, school-age children spend much of their time in two indoor environments, homes and classrooms, where ventilation is often restricted to conserve heat, favoring the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2). This study evaluated CO2 exposure in both environments in Santiago de Chile to characterize real conditions and their daily combinations. Continuous CO2 monitoring was conducted using sensors in four dwellings with school-age children and four classrooms from different schools during August 2024. Hourly profiles, time over the operating threshold of 1250 ppm, and equivalent hours of exposure, standardized to a daily reference time, were analyzed. In classrooms, levels above the threshold were observed episodically. They were more concentrated during school hours, with marked differences between establishments, ranging from recurrent exposure to high levels to no exposure above the established level. In the bedrooms, the increases were concentrated during the night and early morning hours, consistent with reduced effective ventilation during prolonged stays. Overall, the bedroom-classroom combined exposure showed high variability across cases; together, it allows identifying priority scenarios and the orientation of winter ventilation strategies without neglecting thermal comfort. These results support the incorporation of winter ventilation operational criteria into schools and homes as input for implementing indoor environmental quality policies and standards in urban contexts.
Nuevas aportaciones a la cronología constructiva de la torre de la iglesia de El Salvador de Mutxamel (Alicante, España)
(Universitat Politècnica de València, 2026) Alejandre Sánchez, Francisco Javier; Valero, Ana; Flores Alés, Vicente; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II
Este trabajo presenta los resultados de los estudios realizados mediante técnicas de análisis instrumental con la finalidad de obtener una aproximación veraz y contrastada de la cronología de los distintos elementos y cuerpos que conforman la iglesia de El Salvador de Mutxamel, con especial atención a la torre-campanario. Tradicionalmente, se ha considerado que la torre de este templo fue construida en el siglo XVI bajo el mecenazgo de duque de Maqueda. Esta datación ha sido asumida por la historiografía posterior sin un análisis crítico, a pesar de las contradicciones existentes entre las fuentes documentales. La investigación revisa las crónicas del siglo XVII sobre la construcción de la torre, y las contrasta con el análisis estructural del edificio y los resultados de datación por radiocarbono (14C). Las evidencias obtenidas permiten proponer que la construcción de la torre se remonta, en realidad, a mediados del siglo XV.
Occupational and lifestyle associations with mental health of healthcare workers
(Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2026) Jiménez-Ortega, Lara Estefanía; Ladisa, María; Delgado-Calderón, Manuel; Camacho Vega, Juan Carlos; Vilches Arenas, Ángel; El Khoury Moreno, Luis; Torrejón Martínez, Julio; Gómez-Salgado, Juan; Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Estomatología
Mental disorders are a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, and healthcare professionals are particularly vulnerable due to occupational stressors, a vulnerability intensified during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This study assessed the prevalence of mental health disorders among hospital workers and examined changes in their perceived mental health during the pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 215 employees attending the Health Surveillance Service of Virgen Macarena University Hospital (Seville) between January 2019 and December 2022. Data were collected from occupational health records and a telephone survey, including the General Health Questionnaire (12 items) questionnaire. The prevalence of diagnosed mental health disorders was 7.0%, with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder being the most frequent. Most affected workers required short-term temporary incapacity due to common contingencies, and 36.7% required job adaptations, mainly involving task modifications. During the pandemic, 68.1% of workers reported a perceived worsening in mental health, which was more common among alcohol users. Among those receiving treatment, 70.8% required medication adjustments, and 31.2% reported increased analgesic use. Although prevalence rates were lower than expected, likely due to underdiagnosis and prioritization of coronavirus disease 2019-sensitive evaluations, the profile of affected workers was consistent with previous literature, predominantly women around 50 years old, often Assistant Nursing Care Technicians. These findings highlight the crucial role of occupational health services in early detection, monitoring, and support of healthcare professionals. Identification of alcohol use, psychiatric medication adjustments, and increased analgesic intake as risk factors emphasize the need for proactive interventions to sustain the healthcare workforce.
Investigación: Evaluación de la huella hídrica del uso y mantenimiento de los edificios. Aplicación a viviendas en Andalucía, España
(Colegio Oficial de Aparejadores y Arquitectos Técnicos de Sevilla, 2025-01) Rivero Camacho, Cristina; Marrero Meléndez, Madelyn; Ingeniería del Diseño; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; TEP172: Arquitectura: Diseño y Técnica
Las empresas de construcción pueden lograr el éxito financiero y reducir los impactos ambientales de los proyectos mediante la gestión cuidadosa de los presupuestos de los proyectos y la consideración simultánea de los costos económicos y los impactos ambientales. Sin embargo, durante su uso y mantenimiento, los edificios incurren en ramificaciones que van más allá de su construcción y que pueden ser igualmente significativas. En este trabajo se evalúa la huella hídrica (HH) de la etapa de mantenimiento y uso de los edificios a partir de la información de los presupuestos de los proyectos de construcción. Para ello, se emplea la herramienta computacional PREDICE. La herramienta pronostica los impactos ambientales indirectos, cuantificando los impactos incorporados en los materiales de construcción y la maquinaria a partir de su análisis de ciclo de vida. En este trabajo también se evalúan los impactos directos derivados del consumo de agua de los ocupantes a partir de los datos reportados. El capítulo explora la construcción de edificios residenciales en Andalucía, España, utilizando la base de datos de costos de construcción y el sistema de desglose de obras de la región. Se analiza el proyecto de construcción, concretamente su presupuesto (BoQ), para predecir las tareas de mantenimiento a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. Noventa y cinco unidades de trabajo de mantenimiento y su coste están definidos e integrados en la herramienta PREDICE. Se estudia un proyecto real: un edificio plurifamiliar de 4 plantas que proporciona vivienda social. Los resultados demuestran cómo el uso de la herramienta permite localizar las fuentes de mayor impacto a lo largo del ciclo de vida, facilitando así la toma de decisiones en cuanto a la reducción de costes económicos y ambientales. La huella hídrica de las viviendas consiste en torno al 80% de consumo directo por parte de los habitantes, mientras que un 20% se debe al agua incorporada en los materiales de construcción y la producción de energía. Además, el agua incorporada en la producción de energía es significativamente tan alta como la huella de materiales de construcción.
Defining socio-climate-energy zones based on photovoltaic potential to support new standards for eliminating energy poverty in Chile
(Elsevier, 2026-04-08) Pérez Fargallo, Alexis; Clavijo Núñez, Susana; Rubio Bellido, Carlos; Bienvenido Huertas, José David; Serrano Jiménez, Antonio José; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; RNM162: Composición, Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente
Countries are facing contexts of high climatic and socio-spatial heterogeneity, where integrated territorial diagnostics to address energy poverty are essential. This research aims to evaluate the extent to which the current thermal zoning in Chile can discriminate among variables related to residential electricity consumption, photovoltaic generation potential, and poverty at the communal scale. Therefore, a replicable methodology has been designed and tested to build a socio-climate-energy zoning. 343 communes have been analyzed, combining information on residential electricity consumption, annual photovoltaic generation potential, and the number of people in poverty to examine their behavior according to the current thermal zoning. The contrast between zones is evaluated by descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and difference tests. The results show that current thermal zoning, by itself, discriminates among the socio-energy variables considered to a limited extent, including variables such as annual electricity consumption. Subsequently, the generation/consumption relationship is stratified into three ranges, and poverty is stratified into quartiles, creating 12 categories. This new classification allows building socio-climate-energy zoning as an alternative to the current thermal zoning, enabling the identification of vulnerable areas, the planning of photovoltaic energy programs, and, in general, the prioritization of interventions that integrate social vulnerability with local electricity generation and consumption. The association between the two dimensions is contrasted using Pearson's Chi-square test, and the results are represented cartographically. Overall, the proposed framework provides an operational tool for territorial energy planning and the design of differentiated policies, with the potential to adapt to other regions of the Global South.
La IA como herramienta para la realización de trabajos monográficos en asignaturas de materiales de construcción
(Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2025) Torres González, Marta; Flores Alés, Vicente; Ingeniería Gráfica; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II
Este trabajo presenta una experiencia de innovación docente en el Grado en Edificación de la Universidad de Sevilla, orientada a optimizar la adquisición de competencias, fomentar el aprendizaje autónomo y superar el enfoque puramente cognitivo en la asignatura Materiales II. El estudio, realizado con 120 estudiantes durante el curso 2024-2025, analiza la integración de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) en la elaboración de trabajos monográficos. La metodología estructuró la actividad en cuatro fases (organización de grupos, búsqueda de información, supervisión y evaluación), exigiendo la verificación exhaustiva de toda la información generada por la IA. La evaluación combinó memoria escrita, exposición oral y autoevaluación, mediante una matriz de competencias que vinculó pensamiento crítico y uso ético de la IA. Los resultados mostraron que la calidad del trabajo dependió del pensamiento crítico del estudiante: el uso superficial de la IA condujo a información imprecisa o desactualizada, especialmente en el manejo de la normativa vigente. Aunque la IA facilitó la redacción de textos extensos y coherentes, la búsqueda tradicional resultó más eficaz para localizar ejemplos reales y casos aplicados. Se concluye que la IA es un recurso útil como apoyo y catalizador del pensamiento reflexivo, pero no sustituye el juicio humano. Es necesaria una orientación docente que fomente la formulación de consultas eficaces y la verificación de datos. Los estudiantes valoraron el ahorro de tiempo, aunque manifestaron dudas sobre la fiabilidad de la información. El futuro docente requiere guías y modelos de evaluación que integren la trazabilidad del contenido generado por IA.
Characterization of the biodeterioration caused by the fungus Serpula lacrymans in lignocellulosic materials of building envelopes
(MDPI, 2025-12-13) Espinoza Maldonado, Rodrigo; Rubio Bellido, Carlos; Bobadilla Moreno, Ariel; Navarrete, José; Herrera Herrera, Paula; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; RNM162: Composición, Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente
Serpula lacrymans is considered the most aggressive and harmful brown-rot fungus for wooden buildings worldwide, and it has led to substantial economic losses due to the deterioration of wood and wooden-base structures. This study aims to connect the loss of parallel compressive strength and mass loss caused by the fungus Serpula lacrymans in different lignocellulosic materials commonly used in building envelopes in Chile. Samples suspected to contain the fungus Serpula lacrymans were gathered from four Chilean localities. From these samples, the fungus under investigation was isolated and identified in the laboratory. It was used to inoculate wood samples of radiata pine, impregnated radiata pine with chromated copper and arsenate (CCA) salts, raulí (Nothofagus alpina), oriented strand board (OSB), and plywood to evaluate compressive strength at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days. As expected, the best mass loss results were obtained in impregnated pine and plywood, with values of 0.8% and 2.5%, respectively. However, significant parallel compression strength losses of 42% and 28%, respectively, were observed. This study provides valuable information for the structural diagnosis of wood elements attacked by the fungus Serpula lacrymans.
La gestión de incendios en hospitales: Limitaciones estructurales y soluciones operativas
(Gobierno de Navarra, 2026) Camacho Vega, Juan Carlos; Gómez Salgado, Juan; Fagundo Rivera, Javier; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II
A nivel mundial, los incendios representan una amenaza significativa para la seguridad en los en-tornos sanitarios, especialmente en los hospitales. Este riesgo se intensificó durante la pandemia de COVID-19 debido al uso masivo de oxígeno en los tratamientos, lo que incrementó el riesgo de ignición y dio lugar a numerosos incidentes trágicos1. Diversos incendios ocurridos en instituciones europeas y españolas continúan subrayando la importancia de fortalecer las medidas de protección y mejorar la seguridad en estas infraestructuras. Por ejemplo, la Asociación Alemana de Protección contra Incendios (BVFA) recopiló datos de prensa sobre incendios en instalaciones de salud en Alemania, registrando en 2025 19 muertes y 546 heridos, derivados de 233 incendios en residencias de mayores y 116 en hospitales2. A su vez, varios incidentes en España pusieron de manifiesto importantes deficiencias en materia de protección y motivaron una revisión de la normativa de seguridad, como los incendios hospitalarios ocurridos en Sevilla, en 1977 en el Hospital Virgen del Rocío y en 1978 en el Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena y, más recientemente, en 2024 en el Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz de Madrid (que obligó a evacuar varios pisos tras un fallo en la climatización). Los centros hospitalarios presentan singularidades que afectan a la gestión de emergencias durante un incendio y que pueden dificultar la evacuación de la zona afectada. A modo ilustrativo, existen zonas con alto riesgo de incendio como los almacenes de farmacia, de material sanitario y de productos químicos (donde se suelen almacenar botellas de gases comprimidos u otros productos inflamables), el área de ambulancias o tránsito de vehículos (frecuentemente localizadas en la entrada principal al centro), o la zona de estar, cocina y descanso para el personal durante los turnos y las guardias (que suele albergar calefactores y dispositivos eléctricos que generan calor). También existen otras zonas a las que resulta más complicado acceder para un rescate, como las consultas más lejanas a las salidas de emergencia, los aseos, los ascensores, las áreas de radiología, las áreas de esterilización, o las estancias ubicadas en sótanos o plantas superiores, donde las personas pueden quedar atrapadas.
Digital technologies for enhancing evacuation planning in critical care units: A quantitative, experimental simulation
(Wolters Kluwer, 2026) Luna-Iglesias, María Cristina; Camacho Vega, Juan Carlos; Gómez-Salgado, Juan; Ladisa, María; Garrido-Bueno, Miguel; Gómez-Salgado, Carlos; Fagundo-Rivera, Javier; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Enfermería; CTS1050: Cuidados Complejos, Cronicidad y Resultados en Salud
This study aims to evaluate evacuation performance in a high-acuity intensive care unit (ICU) by integrating building information modeling (BIM) and computational simulation and examine how different parametrizations affect the fidelity of predicted evacuation dynamics when compared with data from a real evacuation drill. A detailed BIM model of a tertiary hospital ICU was developed and imported into Pathfinder to simulate 3 protocol-based evacuation scenarios and 1 scenario calibrated with preparation times obtained from a 2024 evacuation drill. Simulations assessed occupant flow, bottlenecks, movement trajectories, and total evacuation times. Architectural constraints, behavioral rules, and patient dependency profiles were incorporated to reflect real operational conditions, including explicit geometric incompatibilities between door widths and ICU bed dimensions. Evacuation times produced with generic parameters showed a gap of up to 7 minutes 40 seconds less than the real drill duration, whereas the empirically calibrated simulation narrowed this difference to 2 minutes 30 seconds. Across all scenarios, bottlenecks consistently emerged at the main critical patient unit exit, primarily driven by architectural constraints such as insufficient door widths relative to bed size, which hindered bed maneuverability and intensified staff circulation conflicts. Flow rates peaked between 0.40 and 0.55 persons/s, with higher occupancy producing more sustained congestion. Preparatory actions for clinically complex patients significantly shaped overall evacuation performance. The integration of BIM and empirically informed simulation enhances the accuracy and operational relevance of evacuation analyses in complex clinical environments. Findings highlight the need for calibration based on real behavioral data and demonstrate how specific architectural mismatches, particularly between door geometry and bed dimensions, act as critical drivers of evacuation bottlenecks. This approach supports more robust risk assessment and emergency planning within critical socio-technical infrastructures.
Environmental footprint of 3D-printed concrete using recycled materials
(MDPI, 2025-12-26) Muñoz Sanguinetti, Claudia; Vega Coloma, Mabel; Letelier, Viviana; Marrero Meléndez, Madelyn; García Alvarado, Rodrigo; Wegertseder Martínez, Paulina; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile); TEP172: Arquitectura: Diseño y Técnica
The construction sector undeniably has an impact on sustainability in its three dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. In this context, 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has emerged over the last decade as an attractive technology for transforming this sector. It enables the manufacture of construction elements while saving time, reducing waste, and eliminating the need for molds. However, assessments of the environmental performance of implementing this technology are limited, particularly under representative production conditions. This study evaluates the footprint family indicators, carbon footprint (CF), ecological footprint (EF), and water footprint (WF), of different mixtures of 1 m3 of 3D-printed concrete, with 1m of a high printed wall. These mixtures were made with a proportion of fresh solid aggregates; brick and concrete rubble (as demolition waste (CDW) materials) were used as partial replacements for cement. In addition, the environmental impact of using two printing technologies, gantry and robotic arm systems, is analyzed. The results show that materials are the main source of environmental impacts; the replacement of some of the cement reduces CF and EF by up to 20% and 19%, respectively, while preserving printability and buildability, as demonstrated by the stable fabrication of 1 m-high printed wall elements. However, moderate increases in WF were observed, which were associated with the electricity consumption of waste processing. These results confirm the potential for valorizing CDW in 3D printing mixtures. This environmental assessment under full-scale printing conditions supports sustainability-oriented decision-making in the construction industry.
Identifying Low-Embodied Carbon Façade Solutions for Residential Buildings in Spain
(IOP Publishing, 2025) Soust-Verdaguer, Bernardette; Gutiérrez Moreno, José Antonio; Fernández Gálvez, María Dolores; Quiñones Rodríguez, Rocío; Montes Delgado, María Victoria de; Cortés Albalá, Isidro; Palumbo, Elisabetta; Llatas, Carmen; Construcciones Arquitectónicas I; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Expresión Gráfica e Ingeniería en la Edificación; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Union (UE)
The building sector plays a crucial role in global decarbonisation efforts, with façades serving as a key component in reducing both embodied and operational carbon emissions, particularly in the context of Spain. This study provides a detailed analysis of construction solutions for the most commonly used building envelope types and materials in Spain. The study conducted the LCA of more than 30,000 combinations of layers (including different materials and thickness) and covering façade types (including ETICS, ventilated, traditional, and bio-based façades). The findings highlight the significance of each façade layer in calculating embodied carbon emissions, noting that finishing materials contribute most to the embodied carbon footprint for those with the highest impacts. Notably, the highest carbon footprint values do not always correlate with the coldest winter climate zones; rather, they depend more on the materials used and the construction solution type. The study concludes with recommendations to enhance façade design and minimise environmental impact, providing actionable insights to advance sustainable design practices in Spain.

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