Specific metabolic syndrome components predict cognition and social functioning in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and severe mental disorders

Abstract

Objective: Obesity and metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) are more prevalent in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), major depres sive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ). MetS com ponents might be associated with neurocognitive and functional impairments in these individuals. The predictive and discriminatory validity of MetS and its components regarding those outcomes were assessed from prospective and trans diagnostic perspectives. Methods: Metabolic syndrome components and neurocognitive and social func tioning were assessed in 165 subjects, including 30 with SZ, 42 with BD, 35 with MDD, 30 with T2DM, and 28 healthy controls (HCs). A posteriori, individuals were classified into two groups. The MetS group consisted of those who met at least three of the following criteria: abdominal obesity (AO), elevated triglycerides (TG), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), elevated blood pres sure (BP), and elevated fasting glucose (FPG); the remaining participants com prised the No-MetS group. Mixed one-way analysis of covariance and linear and binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Cognitive impairment was significantly greater in the MetS group (n = 82) than in the No-MetS group (n = 83), with small effect sizes (p < 0.05; η²p = 0.02 – 0.03). In both groups, the most robust associations between MetS compo nents and neurocognitive and social functioning were observed with TG and FPG (p < 0.05). There was also evidence for a significant relationship between cogni tion and BP in the MetS group (p < 0.05). The combination of TG, FPG, elevated systolic BP and HDL best classified individuals with greater cognitive impairment (p < 0.001), and TG was the most accurate (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Specific MetS components are significantly associated with cogni tive impairment across somatic and psychiatric disorders. Our findings provide further evidence on the summative effect of MetS components to predict cogni tion and social functioning and allow the identification of individuals with worse outcomes. Transdiagnostic, lifestyle-based therapeutic interventions targeted at that group hold the potential to improve health outcomes.