Artículos (Zoología)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/10929

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Shell sclerochronology of the limpet Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791: Implications for growth patterns and reconstruction of past sea surface temperatures
(Elsevier, 2025-07-15) Gutiérrez Zugasti, Igor; Suárez-Revilla, Roberto; García-Escárzaga, Asier; Clarke, Leon J.; Schöne, Bernd R.; Pascual-Revilla, Jara; García Gómez, José Carlos; Zilhão, João; Zapata, Josefina; Marín, Arnaldo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Understanding the environmental conditions faced by past human populations is essential to understand their behaviour, and the subsistence strategies that they adopted for survival. The study of oxygen isotope ratios in limpet shells (δ18Oshell) can provide important information on sea surface temperature (SST), shell growth patterns and the season of shell collection by human populations. Following this approach, in this paper, we assessed δ18Oshell values of three modern limpets Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 collected alive in Ceuta (northern Africa) as proxies for past SST and to determine the season of shell collection at archaeological sites. Studied shells showed fast growth rates without long periods of growth stops. However, results suggested that the shells did not grow during all tidal immersions. Results also showed higher growth rates between winter and summer, although each shell exhibited its own distinctive patterns. According to the isotope data, studied limpets deposited calcium carbonate to form their shells with an average offset of +0.34 ‰ from expected equilibrium. This offset was higher in summer (0.56 ‰) and lower in winter (0.18 ‰). Reconstructed sea surface temperature (SSTδ18O) exhibited high correlation with satellite temperature. Considering the variability of the oxygen isotope composition of the seawater (δ18Osw), past SSTδ18O can be calculated with an uncertainty of +2 °C and −1.4 °C. Our study demonstrates that δ18O values of P. ferruginea can be used to reconstruct SST provided that the δ18Osw is known. Furthermore, the season of shell collection can be estimated from δ18Oshell curves, which has deep implications for future archaeological investigations.
Characterization of Rugulopteryx okamurae algae: A source of bioactive peptides, omega-3 fatty acids, and volatile compounds
(Elsevier, 2025-05-01) Rivero Pino, Fernando; González de la Rosa, Teresa; Torrecillas López, María; Barrera Chamorro, Luna; Río-Vázquez, José Luis del; Márquez Parada, Elvira; Fernández Prior, África; Garcáa-Vaquero, Marco; García Gómez, José Carlos; Montserrat de la Paz, Sergio; Claro Cala, Carmen María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Farmacología, Pediatría y Radiología
This study provides a detailed characterization of the invasive algae Rugulopteryx okamurae, highlighting its nutritional composition, mineral content, and potential bioactive compounds. This biomass contains 14.18 % protein, 21.29 % lipids (with a high omega-3 content), fibre (31.32 %), and significant amounts of minerals like calcium, sodium, potassium, sulphur, and iron. Phenolic compounds (0.74 %) and volatile compounds, such as retinol, were also identified. Peptidome analysis revealed 626 unique peptides, with 21 low molecular weight peptides showing potential activity against angiotensin converting enzyme and dipeptidyl peptidase IV when assessed using in silico tools and using molecular docking. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of the alga was demonstrated with a significant free radical inhibition (EC50: 2.09 mg/mL). Overall, this study provides initial evidence on the nutritional potential of R. okamurae, which may have potential for future applications in food and biotechnology fields.
Assessing the effects of electromagnetic fields generated by submarine power cables on the soft-bottom community: An ecological in-situ study
(Elsevier, 2025-02-01) Donázar Aramendía, Iñigo Javier; Reyes-Martínez, M. J.; Megina Martínez, César; Florido Capilla, Marta; García Gómez, José Carlos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Fundación de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla (FIUS)
This study represents the first in situ investigation into the effects of magnetic fields (MFs) on soft-bottom macrofauna communities, laying the groundwork for further studies to better understand their potential consequences on marine ecosystems. Conducted in the Natural Park of the Strait (Southern Iberian Peninsula), the study measured MFs generated by HVAC cables and assessed their impact on soft-bottom macrofauna communities by comparing areas exposed to MFs with two control areas at different depths. Measured MF intensities were relatively low, with a maximum deviation from background levels of 34 nT near the cable, decreasing to 1 nT at 250 m distance. These intensities are considerably lower than those typically used in laboratory experiments inducing physiological effects (0.1–30 mT). Results revealed an increasing pattern of species richness (S) with depth, associated with sediment stability and different sediment characteristics. While analyses did not show significant effects of the magnetic field on macrobenthic communities overall, some indications were observed, such as decreased species richness at the deepest station and community homogenization across depths in the cable area compared to control zones. However, the varying patterns observed across different sites and depths necessitate further investigation, particularly considering the differences in MF intensities between field settings and controlled laboratory environments.
Isopods in the Bioremediation of Invasive Seaweeds? First Experience with the Seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae Mass Dumped on Beaches
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-12-26) Patón, Daniel; García Gómez, José Carlos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología
Since 2015, the invasive seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae has triggered the most serious marine macrophyte invasion in Europe. Its huge coastal biomass dumped on beaches generates health problems, strong odors, impacts on tourism, and high clean-up costs, but it also constitutes a new potential marine resource that offers significant prospects for exploitation. In this sense, as a circular economy strategy, seaweed bioremediation with isopods (Isopoda, Crustacea, Arthropoda) was experimented on for the first time. Specimens of Porcellio laevis (native terrestrial isopod) were obtained from urban parks and kept in terrariums with adequate humidity and temperature control. A sample of 150 adult specimens was divided into six batches of 25 animals. Three batches were fed with 100 g of mulch of Quercus pyrenaica leaves (control) and three with a diet composed of 100 g of mulch of algae (treatment). P. laevis consumed up to 1.5 times their weight per day on the algae diet, with little or no weight loss and adequate reproduction rates. The weight of the isopods averaged 1.6 g in the seaweed group and 2.5 g in the control group. However, high mortality was observed in both mancas and adults in the treatment group. In this sense, the average number of mancas per cm2 was 0 in the algae group and 325 in the control group. Despite this, the results are promising, and consequently, we propose to encourage research with isopods due to their high voracity, high prolificacy, and resistance to invasive algal recycling. Future work should explore what percentage of R. okamurae prevents diterpene mortality of isopods and other invertebrates. This is a preliminary step towards the massive bioremediation of spring and summer blooms of R. okamurae. This work contributes to highlighting this abundant marine resource.
Effects of Artificial Illumination on Intertidal Communities As A Consequence of Coastal Urbanisation
(Juniper Publishers, 2019) Sempere Valverde, Juan; Espinosa Torre, Free; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología
Coastal urbanization is often accompanied by the replacement of natural substrata by artificial structures, which causes coastal habitat modifications, losses of species richness, diversity and microhabitats diversity and favours the settlement of non-native species. The impact that coastal defence structures cause in the intertidal community is further favoured by the anthropic pressures produced in heavily populated areas (such as pollution or the collection of intertidal organisms). Among these, the effect of artificial lights on intertidal communities is practically unknown, even though that the behaviour of many intertidal vagile organisms is synchronized with circatidal and circadian rhythms. Considering that large areas of natural and artificial habitats are exposed to artificial illumination, this review exposes the current knowledge in this matter in order to evaluate the importance of this disregarded impact. Nocturnal lighting can increase stress in intertidal communities, modifying the predation rates and community dynamics. Likewise, lights may favour visual foragers and favour crepuscular behaviours. In consequence, light pollution should be considered in future conservation strategies and more ecological coastal structure designs
Genomic, Phenotypic and Environmental Correlates of Speciation in the Midwife Toads (Alytes)
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2025-03-25) Ambu, Johanna; Litvinchuk, Spartak N.; Caballero-Díaz, Carlos; Nicieza, Alfredo; Velo-Antón, Guillermo; Gonçalves, Helena; Martínez-Freiría, Fernando; Martínez-Gil, Helena; Beltrán Gala, Juan Francisco; Dufresnes, Christophe; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Speciation, i.e., the formation of new species, implies that diverging populations evolve genetic, phenotypic or ecological factors that promote reproductive isolation (RI), but the relative contributions of these factors remain elusive. Here we test which of genomic, bioacoustic, morphological, and environmental differences best predicts RI across a continuum of divergence in the midwife toads (genus Alytes), a group of Western Mediterranean amphibians, using a total evidence approach. We found that, without strong geographic barriers to dispersal, the extent of introgression across hybrid zones between phylogeographic lineages, which should reflect the strength of RI, predominantly covaries with genomic divergence. Overall phenotypic differentiation becomes substantial only between well established, fully isolated species. These results suggest that speciation in midwife toads initially involve cryptic lineages, which probably evolve RI through intrinsic (genetic) hybrid incompatibilities. As they continue to diverge, these nascent species eventually differentiate externally, which potentially enforces pre-mating barriers and facilitates sympatry. This speciation scenario has practical implications for species delimitation, notably when using hybrid zones and divergence thresholds as proxies for reproductive isolation.
Invertebrate composting quality of the invasive alga Rugulopteryx okamurae, prospects for its bio-recycling, management and circular economy
(Public Library of Science, 2024-10-23) Patón, Daniel; García Gómez, José Carlos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología
In recent decades, the invasive seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae has had a huge environmental impact on marine biodiversity, fisheries, GHG emissions and public health along much of the Iberian Peninsula and islands coastline. Due to the enormous amount of algae biomass that is expelled to the beaches where it slowly rots, some circular economy business initiatives, such as composting, are emerging. In the present study, we compared the quality of compost obtained from earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta), cockroaches (Eublaberus sp.), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Batches fed with 100% organic kitchen waste (control group) were compared with batches fed with 50% algae and 50% kitchen waste (treatment group). Our results show that the most sensitive species (D. veneta and T. molitor) to R. okamurae toxins compost adequately. The C/N ratio, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total organic matter (TOM), C, K, K2O, Mg, MgO, N, P, P2O5, B, Cu, Ni and Zn of the compost obtained were determined. A high quality compost was obtained in which only the EC values are slightly elevated. Particularly good was the compost obtained with H. illucens and Eublaberus sp. This quality is in agreement with previous research on the mass balance of composting. Therefore, both species offer, in the field of circular economy, encouraging prospects for the development of composting enterprises
Allometric Constraint Predominates Over the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis in a Radiation of Neotropical Treefrogs
(Willey, 2024-12-10) Escalona, Moisés; Simoes, Pedro Ivo; González Voyer, Alejandro; Mendoza Henao, Ángela M.; Bezerra, Anressa de Mello; Pinheiro, Paulo D. P.; Castroviejo Fisher, Santiago; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Brasil; Society of Systematic Biologists (SSB); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP); Maxwell/Hanrahan Foundation. UU.EE; Junta de Andalucía
Male frogs emit stereotypical advertisement calls to attract mates and deter conspecific rivals. The evolution of these calls is thought to be linked to anatomical constraints and the acoustic characteristics of their surroundings. The acoustic adaptation hypothesis (AAH) posits that species evolve calls that maximize propagation distance and reduce signal degradation in the environment where they are emitted. We applied phylogenetic comparative analyses to study the association of body size, vegetation density, type of aquatic ecosystem, and calling site on the evolution of acoustic traits in Cophomantini, a large radiation of Neotropical treefrogs (Hylidae). We obtained and analyzed body size, acoustic, and habitat data from a total of 112 species (58% of Cophomantini), using the most inclusive available phylogeny. We found a significant negative correlation between peak frequency, body size, and calling site, but contrary to the predictions of the AAH, we did not find support for associations among call traits and environmental characteristics. Although spectral allometry is explained by an anatomical constraint, it could also be maintained by female choice. We recommend that future studies strive to incorporate factors such as female mate preferences, eavesdropping by predators or parasites, and genetic drift.
A Revision of Dispersal Strategies in Freshwater Sponges: The Journey of the Ponto-Caspian Sponge Rosulaspongilla rhadinaea (Porifera: Spongillidae), a New Alien Species for Europe
(MDPI, 2024-12-03) Carballo Cenizo, Juan José Luis; Cruz Barraza, José Antonio; García Gómez, José Carlos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología
Alien species constitute one of the main threats to freshwater ecosystems, negatively impacting biodiversity, economy, and ecosystem services. Here, we use morphological and genetic data to show the presence of a new alien freshwater sponge in Europe, Rosulaspongilla rhadinaea, a Ponto-Caspian species which recently has been found in the fluvial port of Seville (Guadalquivir River, Spain). We also reviewed the mechanisms and adaptations of freshwater sponges for dispersal. The gemmule is the key structure for understanding their life history, evolution, and dispersal capacity, since their high salinity tolerance may have made possible the spreading of these sponges on the hulls of ocean-going ships that frequent freshwater ports. Once established, they are dispersed via river currents and intraregional boat traffic through the network of interconnected channels, which act as invasion corridors. Transport via phoresy attached to mobile animal vectors such as birds (especially migrating birds) has also been demonstrated in several sponge species. Gemmules may be attached on the feathers and scales, or even to be transported in the guts of these animals, followed by defecation of viable gemmules. Transport associated with other invasive freshwater species, such as mussels, cannot be ruled out. The scarcity of taxonomic studies of freshwater sponges in the Iberian Peninsula might explain why the species had not been recorded.
Precipitation Steepness Drives Global Patterns of Changes in Bird Community Composition Without Major Phylogenetic Signal
(Wiley, 2025-03-11) Kubota, Nanami; Abellán Ródenas, Pedro; Gaspar, Mario; Anadón, José D.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España
Understanding the processes that structure biodiversity on Earth is a major challenge in biology. Our work tests three key hypotheses driving taxonomic changes in bird communities globally, focusing on nestedness and turnover components: (1) contemporary climate, related to energy and water availability; (2) climate stability, reflecting shifts since the last glacial maximum; and (3) climatic heterogeneity, describing environmental gradients. We also examine whether these processes explain deviations in phylogenetic composition from expectations based on taxonomic changes among communities. Location Global. Time Period Present. Major Taxa Studied Birds. Methods We calculated total taxonomic dissimilarity, its nestedness and turnover components, between neighbouring cells considering all living bird species. We tested for significant phylogenetic over- and underdispersion by comparing observed phylogenetic dissimilarity to a null model. We used linear regression models to quantify the relationships between taxonomic dissimilarity and phylogenetic deviations with climatic variables representing our hypotheses. Results Precipitation steepness, that is, relative changes in precipitation, was strongly correlated with taxonomic changes (R2 = 27%), driving both changes in local community richness (nestedness) and species replacement between different regional pools (turnover). These two processes were decoupled, with precipitation steepness driving richness differences up to 1200 mm of annual precipitation, and turnover being more relevant in hyperarid and tropical areas. Phylogenetic deviations were common (35% of global cells), resulting from both over- and underdispersion, but they lacked a climatic signal. Main Conclusions Our work supports the hypothesis that climatic heterogeneity, due to precipitation steepness, is the main climatic factor driving composition changes in bird communities globally, controlling local richness and transitions between regional pools. Changes in species composition often lead to phylogenetic dispersion or clustering, but the main processes responsible for taxonomic sorting are phylogenetically neutral. As such, taxonomic and phylogenetic changes between neighbouring bird communities may be driven largely by different processes.
Environmental effects of maintenance dredging works in a highly modified estuary: A short-term approach
(Elsevier, 2024-11-01) Donazar Aramendia, Íñigo; Megina Martínez, César; Miro Recio-Mensaque, Juan Miguel; Florido Capilla, Marta; Reyes Martínez, M. J.; Olaya Ponzone, Liliana; García Gómez, José Carlos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología
Dredging operations present significant environmental risks in estuaries, which can potentially result in alter- ations to the physicochemical parameters of water and sediment, as well as the biota of the ecosystem. The assessment of environmental impacts in estuaries is challenging due to the dynamic nature of these systems. Furthermore, the inconsistent findings in studies examining these impacts emphasize the necessity of a case-by- case approach for evaluating the environmental consequences. It is crucial to employ various temporal and methodological approaches to evaluate environmental impacts, draw valid conclusions, and propose suitable management measures. However, there is a limited availability of studies that investigate short-term ecological processes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to characterize the short-term responses of physicochemical characteristics in the water column and sediment, particularly focusing on the content of heavy metals, as well as the impacts on community structure. Additionally, the study aims to assess the suitability of stable isotope analysis in two species as bioindicators of nutrient enrichment. The findings of this research indicated no discernible impact from dredging activities on any of the evaluated physicochemical parameters in the water column, sediment, or biological communities. However, the nitrogen stable isotope signals of the goby Poma- toschistus sp. exhibited an effect associated with an increase in certain nutrient levels suggesting its suitability as a bioindicator of nutrient enrichment in human activities. Interestingly, a flood event prior to the latest survey had a more significant influence on all measured parameters compared to the dredging operation. Changes in salinity and other factors related to freshwater management in the Guadalquivir estuary may have a more substantial impact on soft-bottom communities than other pressures. Consequently, management efforts should be directed towards mitigating these pressures to foster more stable communities.
Evaluating Fish Foraging Behaviour on Non-indigenous Asparagopsis Taxiformis Using a Remote Video Foraging System
(Elsevier, 2024) Chebaane, Sahar; Engelen, Aschwin Hillebrand; Pais, Miguel Pessanha; Silva, Rodrigo; Gizzi, Francesca; Triay Portella, Raül; Florido Capilla, Marta; Monteiro, João Gama; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Portugal; European Union (UE); Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação, Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI). Portugal
The proliferation of pest and invasive marine macroalgae threatens coastal ecosystems, with biotic interactions, including direct effects such as grazing and indirect effects such as the trophic cascades, where one species indirectly affects another through its interactions with a third species, play a critical role in determining the resistance of local communities to these invasions. This study examines the foraging behaviour and preference of native fish communities toward native (Halopteris scoparia, Sargassum vulgare) and non-indigenous (Asparagopsis taxiformis) macroalgae using the Remote Video Foraging System (RVFS). Fifty-four weedpops were deployed across three locations to present these macroalgae, while associated epifaunal assemblages were also collected. Video analysis revealed that four common fish species displayed preference towards native macroalgae, possibly due to by the presence of zoobenthos rather than herbivory. This observation suggests that these fish species identified the macroalgae as a habitat that harboured their preferred food items. In contrast, A. taxiformis was consistently avoided, suggesting limited integration into the local food web. Site-specific variations in fish-macroalgae interactions and epifaunal diversity highlighted the complexity of these dynamics. This study contributes to understanding of the ecological implications of invasive macroalgae and supports the use of RVFS as a tool for assessing local biotic resistance against non-indigenous species in coastal ecosystems globally.
Fin Whale Balaenoptera physalus Historical Sightings and Strandings, Ship Strikes, Breeding Areas and Other Threats in the Mediterranean Sea: A Review (1624–2023)
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-05-21) Espada, Rocío; Camacho Sánchez, Adrián; Olaya Ponzone, Liliana; Martín Moreno, Estefanía; Patón, Daniel; García Gómez, José Carlos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología
A review of the last 399 years (1624–2023) on fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Mediterranean Sea was conducted, based on an extensive compilation of records published in the scientific literature, technical reports, public databases, journals, and social media. A total of 10,716 sightings and 575 mortality events have been computed, analysed by semesters and mapped in order to compare the summer–winter seasons especially and their implications on migration–residence. Visual and acoustic detections, feedings, migrations, primary production areas (chlorophyll), threats and causes of death and their relations have been addressed, and a mini-review on heavy metals and pollutants has been carried out on fin whales in the Mediterranean Sea. Mortality events were most frequent between November and April, coinciding with the decreased sighting period. Ship strikes posed the greatest threat, peaking between May and October, when marine traffic tends to increase in the Mediterranean Sea. Two populations coexist in the Mediterranean Sea, one resident and the other migratory, the latter using the Strait of Gibraltar for its biannual movements. Two areas with a presence of calves (up to 7 m in length) between October and February were detected: one scattered in the northern Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar and its surroundings. A critical zone for collisions has been established according to the results for fin whales in the Mediterranean Sea.
Understanding Carbon Footprint in Sustainable Land-Based Marine Aquaculture: Exploring Production Techniques
(MDPI, 2024-07-16) Castilla Gavilán, Marta; Guerra García, José Manuel; Hachero Cruzado, Ismael; Herrera, Marcelino; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología
In aquaculture, it is crucial to understand and mitigate the carbon footprint for sustainable production. As demand for seafood increases, various production techniques compete for an eco-friendly status. This review examines the carbon footprint of various land-based marine aquaculture systems, highlighting their environmental impact. Through exploring innovations and best practices, it navigates the complexities of reducing emissions and promoting carbon sequestration. Some proposals for this purpose are based on diversification through low-trophic-level species, the preservation of high-carbon sequestration sites, polyculture, organic aquaculture and improvements in nutrition, feeding, waste and energy management. In this sense, some land-based aquaculture systems are progressively adapting and updating their zootechnical procedures. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RASs) offer interesting advantages such as water conservation, pollution reduction and biosecurity. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture systems (IMTAs) aim to address two major issues in aquaculture: efficient water usage and the environmental impact of effluents, which are rich in organic particles and dissolved nutrients from undigested food and feces; hence, these systems involve cultivating multiple species (polyculture). Biofloc Technology (BFT) is based on the formation of bioflocs in a culture medium. These systems can enhance feeding efficiency and waste management, thus optimizing nutrient utilization and minimizing environmental impact, achieved through reduced water and fertilizer usage. Traditional (extensive) aquaculture systems operate with minimal input of feed and chemicals, relying heavily on the natural productivity of the ecosystems; thus, the need for manufactured feed, the environmental impact associated with feed production and the transportation and overall costs are significantly reduced. Overall, while RASs, BFT and extensive systems in general offer significant sustainability benefits, IMTA’s holistic approach to ecosystem management and nutrient recycling makes it, in our estimation, the most effective method in terms of ecological footprint in aquaculture. However, its quantitative evaluation is extremely complex, and there is currently a lack of references about its global carbon footprint. Therefore, further research and development are required, as well as collaboration and knowledge-sharing among stakeholders.
Microbiota and the volatile profile of avian nests are associated with each other and with the intensity of parasitism
(Oxford University Press, 2024-07-24) Mazorra Alonso, Mónica; Peralta Sánchez, Juan Manuel; Heeb, Philipp; Jacob, Staffan; Martín Vivaldi, Manuel; Martínez Bueno, Manuel; Soler, Juan José; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Bacteria have been suggested as being partially responsible for avian nest odours and, thus, volatiles from their metabolism could influence the intensity of selection pressures due to parasites detecting olfactory cues of their hosts. Here, we tested this hypothesis by exploring intraspecific and interspecific variability in microbial environments, volatile profiles and intensity of ectoparasitism by Carnus hemapterus in the nests of 10 avian species. As expected, we found that (i) alpha and beta diversity of microbial and volatile profiles were associated with each other. Moreover, (ii) alpha diversity of bacteria and volatiles of the nest environment, as well as some particular bacteria and volatiles, was associated with the intensity of parasitism at early and late stages of the nestling period. Finally, (iii) alpha diversity of the nest microbiota, as well as some particular bacteria and volatiles, was correlated with fledging success. When considering them together, the results support the expected links between the microbial environment and nest odours in different bird species, and between the microbial environment and both ectoparasitism intensity and fledging success. Relative abundances of particular volatiles and bacteria predicted ectoparasitism and/or fledging success. Future research should prioritise experimental approaches directed to determine the role of bacteria and volatiles in the outcomes of host–ectoparasite interactions.
Microalgae and phytase dietary supplementation improved growth and gut microbiota in juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
(BioMed Central, 2024-09-06) Peralta Sánchez, Juan Manuel; Rabelo Ruiz, Miguel; Martín Platero, Antonio Manuel; Vizcaíno, Antonio Jesús; Flores Moreno, Sara; Macías Vidal, Judit; Martínez Bueno, Manuel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Universidad de Almería; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; European Union (UE). H2020
Fishmeal and fish oil have been the main sources of protein and fatty acid for aquaculture fish. However, their increasing price and low sustainability have led the aquafeed industry to seek sustainable alternative feedstuffs to meet the nutritional requirements of fish and improve their health and performance. Plant proteins have been successfully used to replace fishery derivatives in aquafeeds, but the presence of anti-nutritional substances is a potential drawback of this approach. Thus, it has been reported that phytate breakdown can be caused by feed supplementation with exogenous phytase. The inclusion of microalgae has been proposed to improve gut functionality in fish fed diets with a high vegetable protein content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the growth and gut microbiota of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles of a diet containing a blend of microalgae (Arthrospira platensis and Nannochloropsis gaditana) and different concentrations of phytase. An 83-day feeding trial was conducted, comprising four experimental diets with 2.5% microalgae and 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 10,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed and a microalgae- and phytase-free control diet. At the end of the trial, a significantly increased body weight was observed in fish fed the diet with the highest phytase concentration (10,000 FTU/kg) versus controls, although the gut bacterial composition did not differ from controls in alpha or beta diversity with either majority (Weighted UniFrac) or minority bacterial strains (Unweighted UniFrac). In comparison to the control group, the groups fed diets with 1,000 or 2,000 FTU/kg diets had a lower alpha diversity (Shannon’s diversity index), while those fed diets with 500 FTU/kg or 1,000 FTU/kg showed distinct clusters in beta diversity (involving minority ASVs). According to these findings, the diet containing the 2.5% microalgae blend with 10,000 FTU/kg may be useful to increase the aquafeed quality and sustain the growth performance of juvenile European seabass.
Long-term anthropogenic drivers of diet composition and niche breadth in an endangered avian scavenger: The scant role of sanitary regulations
(Elsevier, 2024-10) De Tena, C.; Donázar Aramendía, Iñigo Javier; Ceballos, O.; Arrondo, E.; Cortés Avizanda, Ainara; Donázar, J. A.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España
The widespread and accelerated transformation experienced by our planet results in populations of endangered species having to survive in highly-altered environments and increasingly relying on resources provided by human subsidies. Presently, vultures rank among the most imperiled functional groups of large vertebrates globally, a situation that is largely attributed to the rapid intensification of agriculture and the subsequent transformation of farming practices and agro-grazing landscapes. Hence, documenting the long-term fluctuations in the vultures’ dietary patterns in response to environmental changes, particularly in livestock management, is of utmost significance. Here, by means of bulk stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N), we examined long-term variations in diet composition and niche breadth in a population of the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. We specifically focused on the effect of European sanitary regulations enacted in 2014, which allow sheep farmers to abandon livestock remains for consumption by scavenging birds, except for pig carcasses. We found that the implementation of these new regulations did not cause a change in the diet of vultures. Changes were only detected in scrubland areas and were driven by an increase in the consumption of wild rabbit which, in turn, lead to expansion of the trophic niche. These results indicate that these endangered vultures are heavily dependent on food sources derived from intensive farming, mostly of pigs illegally disposed in the wild, and moreover, highlight the importance of carcasses of small vertebrates, often disregarded in conservation programs in favor of the contribution of livestock remains. Our research provides valuable insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of trophic strategies among avian scavengers, specifically in the context of changes resulting from intensified human-pressures on agro-grazing Mediterranean landscapes.
Variability of Faecal Microbiota and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Flocks of Migratory Gulls and Comparison with the Surrounding Environment
(Elsevier, 2024) Jarma, D.; Sacristán Soriano, O.; Borrego, C. M.; Hortas, F.; Peralta Sánchez, Juan Manuel; Balcázar, J. L.; Green, A. J.; Alonso Álvarez, Esteban; Sánchez Melsió, A.; Sánchez Ordóñez, Marta Isabel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Química Analítica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Gobierno de España; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Generalitat de Catalunya
Gulls commonly rely on human-generated waste as their primary food source, contributing to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes, both locally and globally. Our understanding of this process remains incomplete, particularly in relation to its potential interaction with surrounding soil and water. We studied the lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus, as a model to examine the spatial variation of faecal bacterial communities, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and its relationship with the surrounding water and soil. We conducted sampling campaigns within a connectivity network of different flocks of gulls moving across functional units (FUs), each of which represents a module of highly interconnected patches of habitats used for roosting and feeding. The FUs vary in habitat use, with some gulls using more polluted sites (notably landfills), while others prefer more natural environments (e.g., wetlands or beaches). Faecal bacterial communities in gulls from flocks that visit and spend more time in landfills exhibited higher richness and diversity. The faecal microbiota showed a high compositional overlap with bacterial communities in soil. The overlap was greater when compared to landfill (11%) than to wetland soils (6%), and much lower when compared to bacterial communities in surrounding water (2% and 1% for landfill and wetland water, respectively). The relative abundance of ARGs and MGEs were similar between FUs, with variations observed only for specific families of ARGs and MGEs. When exploring the faecal carriage of ARGs and MGEs in bird faeces relative to soil and water compartments, gull faeces were enriched in ARGs classified as High-Risk. Our results shed light on the complex dynamics of antibiotic resistance spread in wild bird populations, providing insights into the interactions among gull movement and feeding behavior, habitat characteristics, and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants across environmental reservoirs.
Hidden gems: Scattered knowledge hampered freshwater jellyfish research over the past one-and-a-half centuries
(Wiley, 2024-09-29) Lüskow, Florian; Bezio, Nicholas; Caputo, Luciano; Chi, Xupeng; Dumont, Henri J.; Karunarathne, Krishan D.; López González, Pablo José; Pakhomov, Evgeny A.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
Freshwater jellyfish (= limnic medusa-budding hydrozoans, FWJ) are a small group of cnidarians found on all continents except Antarctica in temperate to tropical latitudes. Members of this group belong primarily to three genera: Astrohydra, Craspedacusta, and Limnocnida. While Astrohydra and Limnocnida are typically restricted to the islands of Japan, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent, one species or potential species complex, Craspedacusta sowerbii, became globally invasive. Despite research going back about one-and-a-half centuries, little is known about their phylogeny and ecology compared to marine jellyfish. Recent species distribution modelling, however, showed that by 2050, C. sowerbii will potentially extend their distribution ranges due to global warming to high-latitude ecosystems and be present (medusa stage) for an extended time in the seasonal limnic production cycle. An increase in their relative ecological importance with temporal and spatial spreading is hypothesised. Only recently, it has been shown that the trophic roles of polyps and medusae and their prey overlap with other ecosystem members. In addition, medusa behaviour may cause trophic cascades and alter vertical nutrient distributions. However, polyps and other benthic life cycle stages are understudied. In globally, changing freshwater ecosystems that may become more accommodating for FWJ, an improved understanding of their population biology and ecosystem ecology is urgently needed. In this integrative review, we, therefore, explore reasons for the hampered historical research progress, contrast developments with those of marine cnidarians, compile and publish alongside an extensive and unprecedented literature database, and formulate avenues for future directions in FWJ research.
Genomic, morphological and physiological data support fast ecotypic differentiation and incipient speciation in an alpine diving beetle
(Wiley, 2024-08-07) Pallarés Párraga, Susana; Ortego, Joaquín; Carbonell Hernández, José Antonio; Franco Fuentes, Eduardo; Bilton, David T.; Millán, Andrés; Abellán Ródenas, Pedro; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Zoología; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Universidad de Sevilla
An intricate interplay between evolutionary and demographic processes has frequently resulted in complex patterns of genetic and phenotypic diversity in alpine lineages, posing serious challenges to species delimitation and biodiversity conservation planning. Here we integrate genomic data, geometric morphometric analyses and thermal tolerance experiments to explore the role of Pleistocene climatic changes and adaptation to alpine environments on patterns of genomic and phenotypic variation in diving beetles from the taxonomically complex Agabus bipustulatus species group. Genetic structure and phylogenomic analyses revealed the presence of three geographically cohesive lineages, two representing trans-Palearctic and Iberian populations of the elevation-generalist A. bipustulatus and another corresponding to the strictly-alpine A. nevadensis, a narrow-range endemic taxon from the Sierra Nevada mountain range in southeastern Iberia. The best-supported model of lineage divergence, along with the existence of pervasive genetic introgression and admixture in secondary contact zones, is consistent with a scenario of population isolation and connectivity linked to Quaternary climatic oscillations. Our results suggest that A. nevadensis is an alpine ecotype of A. bipustulatus, whose genotypic, morphological and physiological differentiation likely resulted from an interplay between population isolation and local altitudinal adaptation. Remarkably, within the Iberian Peninsula, such ecotypic differentiation is unique to Sierra Nevada populations and has not been replicated in other alpine populations of A. bipustulatus. Collectively, our study supports fast ecotypic differentiation and incipient speciation processes within the study complex and points to Pleistocene glaciations and local adaptation along elevational gradients as key drivers of biodiversity generation in alpine environments.

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