Artículos (Psicología Experimental)

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Standardization of decision-making skills but persistent impulsivity after chronic stimulant exposure in ADHD patients
(Elsevier, 2025) Lobato Camacho, Francisco José; Vargas Romero, Juan Pedro; López García, Juan Carlos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with deficits in executive function. Even though attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the more distinctive symptoms, impairment in other cognitive processes, for instance memory, could be due to the interferences from these symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether information processing errors made by individuals with ADHD arise primarily from impulsive responding or reflect a more fundamental difference in how they process information, potentially due to compensatory mechanisms developed throughout childhood. This study analyzes pattern separation (distinguishing similar stimuli), recognition memory, decision-making, and impulsivity in both ADHD-diagnosed and non-diagnosed youth population. We further examined possible treatment effects by dividing the ADHD group into three cohorts based on stimulant medication duration. We evaluate their response latency and responses utilizing the signal detection theory method. While ADHD participants exhibited poorer recognition memory compared to controls, this pattern did not show a statistically significant difference in pattern separation. Additionally, both processes improved with longer treatment duration within the ADHD group, leading to decreased error commission. Decision-making analyses revealed sex-specific response strategies within the ADHD group, but both groups showed similar adjustment to task difficulty. However, the ADHD group responses were notably faster, associated with a higher error rate. Additionally, response times varied depending on the stimulus type, suggesting potential differences in how the ADHD group processed information compared to the control group. These findings collectively point towards a possible difference in information management in ADHD, that is also characterized by faster, but less accurate, processing.
TMS intensity and focality correlation with coil orientation at three non-motor regions
(IOP Publishing, 2022) Gómez Feria, José; Fernández Corazza, Mariano; Martín Rodríguez, Juan Francisco; Mir Rivera, Pablo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Medicina; Universidad de Sevilla. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS); Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Junta de Andalucía; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación. Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Universidad de Sevilla
Objective. The aim of this study is to define the best coil orientations for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)for three clinically relevant brain areas: pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), inferior frontal gyrus(IFG), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), by means of simulations in 12 realistic head models of the electric field (E-field). Methods. We computed the E-field generated by TMS in our three volumes of interest(VOI)that were delineated based on published atlases. We then analysed the maximum intensity and spatial focality for the normal and absolute components of the E-field considering different percentile thresholds. Lastly, we correlated these results with the different anatomical properties of our VOIs. Results. Overall, the spatial focality of the E-field for the three VOIs varied depending on the orientation of the coil. Further analysis showed that differences in individual brain anatomy were related to the amount of focality achieved. In general, a larger percentage of sulcus resulted in better spatial focality. Additionally, a higher normal E-field intensity was achieved when the coil axis was placed perpendicular to the predominant orientations of the gyri of each VOI. A positive correlation between spatial focality and E-field intensity was found for PPC and IFG but not for pre-SMA. Conclusions. For a rough approximation, better coil orientations can be based on the individual’s specific brain morphology at the VOI. Moreover, TMS computational models should be employed to obtain better coil orientations in non-motor regions of interest. Significance. Finding better coil orientations in non-motor regions is a challenge in TMS and seeks to reduce interindividual variability. Our individualized TMS simulation pipeline leads to fewer inter-individual variability in the focality, likely enhancing the efficacy of the stimulation and reducing the risk of stimulating adjacent, non-targeted areas.
Spanish Validation of the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST): A Cost-effective Stress Induction Protocol
(Cambridge University Press, 2025) Santos Carrasco, Daniel; Casa Rivas, Luis Gonzalo de La; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España
The rise of stress studies has led to the existence of multiple stress induction protocols. However, cultural differences in stress reactivity are often overlooked. Therefore, this study aims to validate the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST) in the Spanish population. A sample of 96 young adult participants was divided into an experimental group and a control group based on whether they were exposed to the MAST or a non-stressful control task. State anxiety and positive and negative affects were measured before and immediately after the protocol, while physiological stress (blood pressure and heart rate) was monitored throughout the experiment. The experimental group exhibited an increase in state anxiety, negative affect, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures after the MAST protocol. Participants with higher psychopathological risk presented higher scores of psychological stress than those with lower risk. Finally, it was found that participants with higher mathematical performance exhibited lower anxious reactivity following stressor exposure. Our results confirm the efficacy of the MAST and its validation for use in the Spanish population.
A multispecies journey: companion animals and family development from a life-course perspective
(Federación Española de Sociología, 2025) López-Cepero Borrego, Javier; Español Nogueiro, Alicia; Rodríguez Banda, Ángel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental
El presente estudio analiza el papel de los animales de compañía en el curso de vida de la familia. Utiliza para ello un enfoque evolutivo, conceptualizando el vínculo entre especies como una intersección de trayectorias vitales de animales humanos y no humanos. Se llevaron a cabo tres grupos focales en línea y se realizó un análisis temático utilizando una perspectiva vivencial y constructivista. Los cuatro temas extraídos hacen referencia a momentos de convivencia: 1) la llegada del animal, 2) la maduración conjunta de la relación, 3) los cambios relacionados con las transiciones familiares, y 4) el final de la relación. Estos temas describen cómo la individualidad de los animales de compañía y la identidad de la familia coevolucionan a lo largo del curso de la vida y ponen de relieve los retos a los que se enfrentan las familias. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a la literatura que cuestiona los discursos sociales dominantes y muestran modelos emergentes de familias multiespecies.
‘There Is Not a Word’, but Is It Necessary? Analyzing Pragmatic Decisions Regarding Terminology Within Multispecies Family Relationships
(MDPI, 2025) López-Cepero Borrego, Javier; Español Nogueiro, Alicia; Rodríguez Banda, Ángel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental
Abstract: This study analyzes the decision making that underlies the choice of terms we use to refer to companion animals. Three focus groups were developed, including participants from different demographic backgrounds who answered questions about their experience cohabitating with companion animals. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Thematic Analysis, carrying out a progressive refinement of the semantic contents until abstracting general themes. This study organizes the results based on three themes: (1) What you mean to me, contemplating human–animal relationships such as multispecies family, pet–owner relationship, human-like relationship, and objectivization; (2) Others’ surveillance, encompassing the role of social pressure in decision making; and (3) A good solution (here and now), focused on the strategic decisions made to balance the prior questions. The analysis shows that companion animals are usually considered part of the family, but that importance is not always freely communicated outside of the household. Often, participants try to nuance the importance of their companion animals, mask this relationship behind jokes, or tend to isolate themselves to avoid hostile social attention. These findings show the dilemmas faced by people who live with animals and point to the urgency of revising hegemonic discourses to improve the integration of these new family models in Spanish society.
A Scale for Evaluating the Methodological Quality of Studies Based on Observational Methodology
(Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Asturias, 2024) Sanduvete Chaves, Susana; López Arenas, Daniel; Anguera Argilaga, María Teresa; Chacón Moscoso, Salvador; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Antecedentes: Hasta donde conocemos, hay escasa evidencia de validez de escalas para medir calidad metodológica de estudios basados en metodología observacional (EBMO). Se presentan evidencias de validez de la Escala de Calidad Metodológica (MQSOM) para EBMO en base a su estructura interna. Método: Se aplicó MQSOM a 650 artículos que emplearon metodología observacional. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) para la fiabilidad inter e intracodificadores. Se realizó un análisis paralelo mediante implementación óptima para estudiar su dimensionalidad. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio con media muestra obtenida aleatoriamente, seguido de un análisis factorial confirmatorio con la otra mitad. Resultados: La fiabilidad inter e intra codificador fueron adecuadas (CCI > ,73). El análisis paralelo sugirió multidimensionalidad (UniCo = .41, ECV = .31). Se obtuvo una estructura factorial de segundo orden (factor general: Calidad metodológica) con dos factores de primer orden (F1 Diseño y F2 Medición y análisis), RMSEA = 0.000, NNFI = 1, GFI = .98, AGFI = .97, con adecuados resultados en fiabilidad y discriminación. Conclusiones: MQSOM es un instrumento breve (11 ítems), útil para profesionales de la intervención, investigadores o comisiones de valoración, para diseñar, implementar o evaluar EBMO.
Effects of the Regular Use of Virtual Environments on Spatial Navigation and Memory
(MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC, 2024) Lobato Camacho, Francisco José; Vargas Romero, Juan Pedro; López García, Juan Carlos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
Introduction: The cognitive effects of video games have garnered increasing attention due to their potential applications in cognitive rehabilitation and evaluation. However, the underlying mechanisms driving these cognitive modifications remain poorly understood. Objectives: This study investigates the fundamental mnemonic processes of spatial navigation, pattern separation, and recognition memory, closely associated with the hippocampus. Our objective is to elucidate the interaction of these cognitive processes and shed light on rehabilitation mechanisms that could inform the design of video games aimed at stimulating the hippocampus. Method: In this study, we assessed 48 young adults, including both video game players and non-players. We utilized virtual reality and cognitive tasks such as the Lobato Virtual Water Maze and the Mnemonic Similarity Task to evaluate their cognitive abilities. Results: Our key findings highlight that gamers exhibit heightened pattern separation abilities and demon- strate quicker and more accurate spatial learning, attributed to the cognitive stimulation induced by video games. Additionally, we uncovered a significant relationship between spatial memory, guided by environmental cues, and pattern separation, which serves as the foundation for more efficient spatial navigation. Conclusions: These results provide valuable insights into the cognitive impact of video games and offer potential for monitoring changes in rehabilitation processes and early signs of cognitive decline through virtual reality-based assessments. Ultimately, we propose that examining the relationships between cognitive processes represents an effective method for evaluating neurodegenerative conditions, offering new possibilities for early diagnosis and intervention.
Reliability analysis of individual visual P1 and N1 maps indicates the heterogeneous topographies involved in early visual processing among human subjects
(Elsevier, 2021) Vázquez Marrufo, Manuel; Del Barco Gavala, Alberto; Galvao Carmona, Alejandro; Martín Clemente, Rubén; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España
There is a lack of studies regarding the reliability of the event-related components (ERPs) of an electroencephalogram (EEG) used to assess cognitive processing in human subjects. To explore the reliability scores for the P1 and N1 components in two sessions (separated by an average of 116 days), twenty subjects performed a visual lateralized detection paradigm and EEG recording (58 channels) were employed. The session factor did not modulate the P1/N1 latencies. The visual field factor (left (LVF) or right (RVF)) was a determinant for the P1 and N1 topographical distributions as shown in previous studies. Moreover, topographical maps of the grand average showed a very strong correlation level between sessions (>0.9). Finally, individual maps demonstrated that the classic contralateral pattern for the P1 and N1 components was not always present in all subjects. In particular, compared to the N1 component, the P1 component exhibited a more complex set of individual topographical distributions, revealing that some steps are more heterogeneous among human subjects in early visual processing.
Neural bases of referential thinking in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and high-risk mental states: A systematic review
(ELSEVIER, 2025) Santos Carrasco, Daniel; Rodríguez Testal, Juan Francisco; Vázquez Marrufo, Manuel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España
Background and objectives: Nowadays, schizophrenia research is moving towards the search for early signs of illness. One of the psychosis progression markers highlighted in scientific literature is referential thinking. Thus, the main objective of this work is to analyze the main forms of assessment of referential thinking, as well as the neural bases underlying this process in people with high-risk mental states and psychotic spectrum disorders. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in three electronic databases (Web of Science, PsycInfo, and PubMed). Experimental studies with case-control designs were searched, and then analyzed both bibliographically and based on their potential risk of bias through the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO [CRD42021291691]. Results: Of the 200 potentially relevant studies, 28 met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the most common way of assessment was the experimental task of making self-reflection about personality phrases and traits. In the studies reviewed, there was a greater number of negative self-references and a greater response latency among the patients when compared to controls. Regarding neural bases, patients showed more neural activity associated with referential thinking in areas such as the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, or the precuneus. Conclusions: The results confirm the hypothesis of referential thinking as an indicator of progression in the psychotic continuum, while highlighting a set of areas that could be hyperactivated in a network of posteroanterior functional connectivity. This antero-posterior hub could underlie the referential thinking deficit in neuropsychiatric disorders.
El Attention Network Test en el estudio de los déficits cognitivos de pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención
(IMR Press, 2019) Vázquez Marrufo, Manuel; García Valdecasas Colell, Macarena; Galvao Carmona, Alejandro; Sarrias Arrabal, Esteban; Tirapu Ustárroz, Javier; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental
Introducción El Attention Network Test (ANT) se ha aplicado en el estudio de las posibles alteraciones atencionales en diversas neuropatologías en los últimos años. Este test permite el análisis de diversas redes implicadas en el proceso atencional (alerta, orientación y sistema ejecutivo). Desarrollo La aplicación particular del ANT en pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención muestra que es posible encontrar diversas alteraciones de las tres redes atencionales según los estudios e incluso, en algunos casos, la ausencia de alteraciones en ellas. Las posibles causas de esta heterogeneidad pueden deberse a variaciones metodológicas en la aplicación del test, otras condiciones patológicas no consideradas de los pacientes y el análisis de redes sugerido por los creadores del modelo y que se ha demostrado en diversos estudios que puede llevar a interpretaciones erróneas. Conclusiones A pesar de los resultados todavía poco concluyentes con la aplicación del ANT en el trastorno por déficit de atención, este test muestra múltiples aplicaciones que permitirán desentrañar los diversos déficits cognitivos que están presentes en los pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención. Entre ellos, el test puede analizar diversos mecanismos que pueden estar afectados en estos pacientes (la alerta tónica y fásica, la expectativa temporal o espacial, el grado de interferencia de los estímulos distractores, el parpadeo atencional o la inhibición de retorno). El ANT puede ayudar a una mejor caracterización de los pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención más allá de las formas clásicas consideradas hasta ahora (inatento o combinado).
Estudio del deterioro cognitivo en esclerosis múltiple, trastorno de déficit atencional y estados mentales de alto riesgo: Aproximaciones psicofisiológicas
(Universidad de La Habana, 2019) Vázquez Marrufo, Manuel; García Valdecasas Colell, Macarena; Galvao Carmona, Alejandro; García Torres, Miguel; Senín Calderón, Cristina; Rodríguez Testal, Juan Francisco; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España
El deterioro cognitivo en las enfermedades del sistema nervioso sigue siendo a día de hoy un reto para la investigación en el campo de la Psicología. En el presente trabajo se recogen algunas evidencias de cómo a través de la Psicofisiología es posible estudiar las alteraciones cognitivas con una resolución de un milisegundo o por ejemplo evaluar mecanismos cognitivos que no implican una respuesta voluntaria por parte del paciente. Estos abordajes serán presentados por un lado, en enfermedades ampliamente estudiadas como la esclerosis múltiple o el trastorno por déficit de atención, y por otro lado, en el caso de los estados mentales de alto riesgo, una fase muy temprana del potencial desarrollo de trastornos psicóticos en sujetos humanos. Las evidencias expuestas en las próximas páginas permitirán mostrar que es posible complementar nuestro conocimiento sobre el deterioro cognitivo en diversos tipos de enfermedades cerebrales mediante el uso de técnicas psicofisiológicas.
Measuring the Socioeconomic Position of Adolescents: A Proposal for a Composite Index
(Springer, 2018) Moreno Maldonado, Concepción; Rivera de los Santos, Francisco José; Ramos Valverde, Pilar; Moreno Rodríguez, María del Carmen; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. España; Junta de Andalucía
Despite evidence that socioeconomic inequalities impact health, studies on adolescents are limited and often show contradictory results depending on the measures employed to evaluate socioeconomic position. Little research has focused on the differential impact of each indicator on adolescent health, and few measures have been developed that provide a global evaluation. In this research, the relationship between classic socioeconomic indicators (education and occupation) and others that have been proposed more recently (family affluence scale and subjective family wealth) is analysed. A composite global score of socioeconomic position is also presented, based on the principal objective dimensions: parental education, parental occupation and family material wealth. Data were collected in Spain, in 2014, within the framework of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study, from a representative national sample of 8739 adolescents aged between 11 and 16 (mean = 13.72, SD = 1.71). The results contribute to resolving methodological difficulties associated with the evaluation of adolescent socioeconomic position, showing the unidimensionality of a global measure of objective wealth and demonstrating it to be a useful instrument for assessing the socioeconomic position in health inequalities research. The subjective perception of wealth presented a similar, and even higher, association with health than the objective measures. However, low correlations between perceived family wealth and the objective socioeconomic indicators (oscillating between .110 and .299) proved to measure a different construct, and thus was not included in the composite measure for assessing the adolescents’ objective socioeconomic position. Results highlighted the importance of including different indicators for measuring socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health.
Factors associated with life satisfaction of adolescents living with employed and unemployed parents in Spain and Portugal: A person focused approach
(Elsevier, 2020) Moreno Maldonado, Concepción; Jiménez Iglesias, Antonia María; Camacho, Inês; Rivera de los Santos, Francisco José; Moreno Rodríguez, María del Carmen; Matos, Margarida Gaspar de; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Ministério da Saúde. Portugal; Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. España; Junta de Andalucía; Universidad de Sevilla
Family and friend relationships may have a protective effect against the negative consequences of parental unemployment. However, whereas some studies have shown positive effects of family and peer relationships for all adolescents, others suggest that vulnerable groups have more difficulty benefiting from the positive effects of these relationships. The aim of this work was: (1) to analyze the association of different factors (satisfaction with family and friends, age, sex, and country) with life satisfaction in four groups of adolescents created according to their parents’ employment status (both parents unemployed, unemployed mothers and employed fathers, unemployed fathers and employed mothers, and both parents unemployed); and (2) to examine differences between countries in the constellations of factors related to adolescents life satisfaction in each group. The sample was composed of 21,081 adolescents from Portugal and Spain (11–16 years old) who participated in the 2014 edition of the HBSC study in both countries. Classification tree Analyses for the first objective, and general linear model and mean comparisons for the second, were performed. Results showed that some factors were associated with high life satisfaction in the majority of the adolescents: high family and friend satisfaction, being male, being younger, and being Spanish. However, for adolescents with both parents unemployed, life satisfaction was associated only with family satisfaction and age. Sex- and country-based differences were significant in all adolescents with at least one employed parent, but were not significant in adolescents with both parents unemployed. Findings highlight that family satisfaction plays a fundamental role in adolescent life satisfaction —especially for those with both parents unemployed— and that cultural and sex differences disappear in vulnerable situations.
Spanish adaptation of the Awareness, Courage and Responsiveness Scale: Preliminary psychometric properties in non-clinical samples
(Elsevier, 2021) Ortiz Fune, Carmen; Arias Holgado, Mª Francisca; Martínez Cervantes, Rafael Jesús; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental
The Awareness, Courage, and Responsiveness Scale (ACRS) is the first measure created to assess a contextual-behavioral model of Intimacy, rooted in the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy. The objectives of this study were to adapt to Spanish the ACRS and to analyze its psychometric properties in non-clinical samples from Spain. The scale adaptation was carried out using three independent forward and backward translations. Data was collected from two sub-samples of participants: college students (n = 254) and health professionals (n = 120). A part of the students (n = 93) responded to the ACRS in a reevaluation phase to assess its stability over time. Reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alphas, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients, and Pearson's correlations. Construct dimensional structure was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Convergent validity was evaluated by Pearson's correlations between ACRS and other theoretically related constructs. Results for internal consistency, time stability, and convergent validity were adequate. With some re-specifications, the original five-factor hierarchical model, with Self-awareness, Others-awareness, Courage, and Responsiveness as lower-order factors, and Intimacy as a higher-order factor, seems valid for Spain's population. Errors correlations, low items loadings, and lower temporal stability of the Awareness scales are some of the limitations.
Influencia del apego, el género y la aptitud en la indicación quirúrgica en la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en pacientes con obesidad mórbida
(Sociedad Española de Cirugía de Obesidad y Metabólica y de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad, 2019) García, Margarita; Benítez Hernández, María del Mar; Martínez Cervantes, Rafael Jesús; Borda Mas, María de las Mercedes; Luque Budia, Asunción; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental
Objetivo: Investigar la relación entre el estilo de apego, la aptitud quirúrgica para la cirugía bariátrica y el género ante la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en una muestra compuesta por pacientes con obesidad mórbida candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y unicéntrico. Se utilizó una muestra de 211 pacientes a través de un método de selección por conveniencia. Los cuestionarios empleados para la recogida de datos fueron unas plantillas con datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria y el Cuestionario de Apego Adulto. Resultados: Las variables estilo de apego y orientación diagnóstica ante la cirugía bariátrica si están relacionadas con ambas sintomatologías de forma significativa. En cambio, el género es una variable que se relaciona significativamente con la sintomatología depresiva pero no con la ansiosa. Conclusiones: Existe una mayor presencia de sintomatología depresiva si el paciente con obesidad mórbida es mujer, muestra un apego inseguro y no es apto para la cirugía bariátrica. Del mismo modo, hay mayor presencia de sintomatología ansiosa si este muestra un apego inseguro y no es apto para la cirugía bariátrica.
Effects on goal directed behavior and habit in two animal models of Parkinson’s disease
(Elsevier, 2020) Márquez, Inmaculada; Muñoz Pinto, Mario Faustino; Ayala Gómez, Antonio; López García, Juan Carlos; Vargas Romero, Juan Pedro; Díaz Argandoña, Estrella; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO). España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Instrumental conditioning involves two different processes: Goal-directed behavior, characterized by its dependence on the causal relationship between action and outcome and the sensitivity of actions to changes in the value of the outcome; and habits, characterized for its persistence and insensitivity to changes after conditioning. It is known that the dopaminergic system is involved in both kind of learning. The present experiments analyzed two animal models of Parkinson's disease. The 6-OHDA model causes selective damage of the catecholaminergic neurons, specifically affecting the dopaminergic neurons in nigro-striatal system. This model simulates degenerative process symptomatology of Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, the LPS model generates an inflammation process in the infusion area. This model simulates the early symptoms of this disorder, including neuroinflammation and microglia activation. In order to validate both parkinsonian models, we studied if 6-OHDA and LPS models cause the same behavioral effects. The results showed that the 6-OHDA model interfered with the process involved in habit formation. In contrast, animals treated with LPS showed a goal-directed learning deficit. Differences between these models could be due to the different effects on Substantia Nigra neurons. 6-OHDA model might disrupt the nigrostriatal pathway, while LPS could interfere on efferences and afferences to Substantia Nigra.
Pornography Influence Among Young Students: Adaptation and Validation of Pornography Consumption Inventory into Spanish
(Taylor & Francis, 2019) León Larios, Fátima; Saavedra Macías, Francisco Javier; Albar Marín, María Jesús; Gómez-Baya, Diego; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Enfermería; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental
This manuscript intends to adapt and validate Pornography Consumption Inventory (PCI) into Spanish in a sample of 211 young students who admitted to consume pornography. They completed a questionnaire that referred to sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior and PCI. Results showed a factorial structure of the scale with good data fit, composed of 13 items divided into three dimensions, i.e., emotional avoidance, sexual curiosity, and excitement seeking and sexual pleasure. These factors were positively interrelated and presented excellent internal consistency reliability. Some gender differences were observed, so that men presented higher scores in the three dimensions than women.
Assessing the factorial structure of the mental illness public stigma in Spain
(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Saavedra Macías, Francisco Javier; Arias Sánchez, Samuel; Corrigan, Patrick; López, Marcelino; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Gobierno de España
Purpose Despite the importance of the stigma construct for the rehabilitation of people with severe mental illness, there are still no scales that offer a measurement for public stigma in Spanish with good psychometric properties. The aim of this paper is to refine and improve an existing scale to measure public stigma towards people with severe mental illness among the Spanish population. We also intended to decrease the number of items in order to facilitate its applicability. Method 402 college students (73% women) responded to the attributional questionnaire (AQ27) in two subsamples. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis with high cutoffs were conducted. The convergent validity with the resource allocation questionnaire was also tested. Results We have obtained a parsimonious tool, with 14 items and four factors, and some reliable psychometric indexes and convergent validity. The factors obtained were dangerousness-fear, lack of solidarity, coercion and avoidance. Conclusions These results improve the findings from other studies that try to validate the AQ27 in other languages. We discuss the different factors that should be considered in the estimation of public stigma and the necessity to implement programmes to reduce it to enable recovery. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION • Since the public stigma of mental illness is an obstacle to recovery and rehabilitation, reliable instruments are needed to assess it. • A parsimonious instrument in Spanish with good psychometric characteristics for measuring public stigma is obtained. • Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, a questionnaire of 14 items is obtained. • Four factors constitute the instrument: “dangerousness-fear”, “coercion”, “lack of solidarity”, and “avoidance”.
Designing and assessing of an art-based intervention for undocumented migrants
(Taylor & Francis, 2022) Mateos-Fernández, Raquel; Saavedra Macías, Francisco Javier; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; Gobierno de España
Background Undocumented immigrants and refugees are more likely to suffer from psychosocial disorders. Methodology In this pilot study, an art-based intervention is described and assessed, with a sample of 11undocumented immigrants who recently came to southern Spain on a small boat. The art-based intervention is assessed using a pre-post design and four questionnaires, which consist of The General Health Questionnaire, Beck’s Depression Inventory, the Barcelona Immigrant Stress Scale and Carol Ryff’s Psychological Well Being Scale. Furthermore, five participants were interviewed before and after the intervention and a thematic analysis of the transcriptions was carried out. Results A significant reduction of depressive symptoms with a large effect size was found. An increase of reflexive discourse and the feeling of belonging after the intervention was also observed. Conclusions The study suggests that the art-based intervention decreased depressive symptoms and stress, redirecting the narratives of the participants towards the future and increasing the sense of community.
Anatomy of Educational Innovations Based on Learning by Discovery in Higher Education
(Consejo General de la Psicología de España, 2024) Ruisoto, Pablo; Contador, Israel; Quintero Sánchez, Esperanza; López García, Juan Carlos; Álvarez-Díaz, Beatriz; Cacho, Raúl; Fernández-Calvo, Bernardino; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Psicología Experimental; European Union (UE)
This study examines the teaching innovations resulting from the Bologna Process, focusing on problem-based learning and gamification, both of which emphasize the importance of autonomous learning. It reviews metaanalyses and prominent articles in the field of education and educational research from the last 5 years. Using a biomedical analogy, it identifies the active principles of discovery-based learning innovations, highlighting the subordination of theoretical content to practical skills and the disruption of the teacher-student dichotomy. Adverse effects are noted, such as the devaluation of lectures, the discrediting of teacher authority, and the infantilization of students. The effectiveness of discovery-based learning in higher education is considered weak and inconsistent, and caution is advised in its implementation, together with the preservation of the university’s social function of transmitting knowledge at advanced levels.

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