Artículos (Ingeniería Gráfica)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/11367

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Determinação da dose ótima de Trichoderma harzianum no desenvolvimento morfofisiológico de Pinus radiata em viveiro
(Reativar Ambiental, 2026) Cotrina-Urbina, Erlisson Jhoan; Hoyos Alayo, Walter Manuel; Leiva Piedra, Jorge Luis; Ramírez Juidias, Emilio; Ingeniería Gráfica; RNM162: Composición, Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente
A produção de mudas de Pinus radiata requer alternativas que aumentem o vigor e reduzam o uso de insumos químicos. Este estudo determinou a dose de Trichoderma harzianum sobre o desempenho morfofisiológico. O estudo executou um delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com 48 unidades experimentais, 4 blocos, 4 tratamentos e 3 repetições por tratamento em cada bloco, com avaliação semanal durante 20 semanas. A equipe aplicou 0,75, 1,00 e 1,25 g/L ao substrato por drench, 100 mL por muda a cada 15 dias, e incluiu um controle sem aplicação. As doses intermediárias aumentaram a altura, 1,00 g/L atingiu 19,2 cm e 0,75 g/L 18,9 cm, com incrementos de 3,7 cm e 3,5 cm em relação ao controle, equivalentes a 24% e 22%. A análise situou o efeito no limiar de significância e o teste de Tukey separou o controle em a de 0,75 e 1,00 g/L em b, enquanto 1,25 g/L permaneceu em ab. O diâmetro do colo não diferiu, p = 0,230, o peso fresco não alcançou significância, p = 0,139, e a biomassa não diferiu, p = 0,2610. O estudo recomenda 1,00 g/L por apresentar maior altura e resposta mais uniforme, e propõe validação no pós-transplante com sobrevivência e massa seca.
Developing Topographic Surveying Software to Train Civil Engineers
(ASCE, 2017) Castro García, Miguel; Pérez Romero, Antonio Miguel; León-Bonillo, Manuel José; Manzano Agugliaro, Francisco; Ingeniería Gráfica
In this study, software was developed for the improvement of professional skills in topographic-surveying subjects taught in engineering degree programs. This learning tool is focused on developing the skill involved in virtual rod reading through the telescope of topographic equipment, attempting to completely substitute a traditional practical class (laboratory and field work). For assessment of the developed tool, two experimental student units were created by a process of homogenization of knowledge and later subdivided into groups. The first experimental unit was trained traditionally in handling topographic equipment. The second unit was trained virtually with the developed software. Results obtained for each group showed a high level of learning and revealed characteristics that differentiate the acquired professional skills. Because the effectiveness of reaching pedagogical goals with virtual training was demonstrated, it was concluded that the developed software could be substituted for field practice, offering a viable alternative in situations where there are insufficient economic resources for the teaching of topographic surveying.
Phoenician colonization from its origin to the 7th century BC
(Informa UK Limited, 2025) Manzano Agugliaro, Francisco; Marín-Buzón, Carmen; Carpintero Lozano, Susana; López Castro, José Luis; Ingeniería Gráfica; RNM931: Tecnologías de la Información Geoespacial, Gráfica e Hidrológica
Phoenician colonization, from its origins to the 7th century BC, was characterized by strategic expansion, the establishment of trade networks, and significant cultural interactions with indigenous populations. Phoenician expansion reached the Atlantic coast and key points throughout North Africa as early as the 9th century BC, where small commercial settlements were established. From the beginning of the 8th century BC, colonial settlements multiplied, designed to accommodate growing populations and enable the exploitation of natural resources. These settlements developed into urban and territorial centers, concentrated along major navigation routes near the Strait of Gibraltar and the Strait of Sicily. By the 7th century BC, the older Western colonies had founded new settlements on their peripheries, including previously uninhabited areas. These new colonies formed part of a Phoenician political-territorial space defined during the previous century, which encompassed two main regions: the central Mediterranean and the western Mediterranean
Exactitud posicional en la representación de la trama urbana de Cádiz (s. XVIII):un conjunto de mapas únicoen la cartografía histórica de España
(Asociación Española de Geografía, 2025) Aguilar Camacho, Joaquín; Granado Castro, Gabriel; Ingeniería Gráfica
El artículo recopila y analiza el singular repertorio cartográfico de plantas urbanas de Cádiz a lo largo del siglo XVIII, que plasmó la fisonomía de esta plaza fuerte mostrando la evolución de su trama y sistema defensivo durante un período, el ilustrado, en el que la ciudad adquirió todo su esplendor. Los primeros ejemplares fueron elaborados por el Corps du génie francés durante la Guerra de Sucesión española; el resto, pertenecen al cuerpo homólogo español, fundado en el año 1710 a instancias de Felipe V. La investigación desarrollada aporta una visión general sobre el grado de exactitud posicional alcanzado por el conjunto de planos, evaluada en términos del error promedio cuadrático (Root Mean Square Error, RMSE) y su desviación estándar muestral, con ayuda de la herramienta MapAnalyst. Los resultados obtenidos permiten identificar y caracterizar ciertos aspectos que ayudan a interpretar la dispar exactitud del repertorio y confirmar la existencia de relaciones entre sus ejemplares.
Avaliação comparativa das farinhas das cascas de Citrus aurantifolia e Passiflora edulis como bioadsorventes para a remoção de arsênio da água potável
(Reativar Ambiental, 2026) Hoyos Alayo, Walter Manuel; Leiva Piedra, Jorge Luis; Amaro Mellado, José Lázaro; Ramírez Juidias, Emilio; Ingeniería Gráfica; RNM162: Composición, Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente
A contaminação por arsênio na água para consumo humano permanece uma crise persistente em comunidades rurais e periurbanas no Peru, onde as concentrações medidas frequentemente excedem o limite máximo permissível de 0,010 mg/L, aumentando a vulnerabilidade em saúde pública. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficácia das farinhas de casca de Citrus aurantifolia e Passiflora edulis como bioadsorventes para remoção de arsênio em água potável. Implementou-se um delineamento fatorial 4×3 (dose e tempo de contato), ajustado por um modelo de metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR/RSM); a validação analítica foi realizada por ICP-OES e a inferência estatística incluiu ANOVA com modelo fatorial geral complementar. A farinha de Passiflora edulis atingiu remoções de até 90,2% sob condições ótimas (3,92 g L⁻¹, 29,1 min), reduzindo a concentração final de arsênio para 0,010 mg/L. Em contraste, a farinha de Citrus aurantifolia atingiu remoção máxima de 56,1% em 7,76 g L⁻¹ e 49,1 min. O modelo estatístico explicou mais de 96% da variabilidade e confirmou a importância da dose e o efeito sinérgico do tempo de contato, com ajuste superior para Passiflora edulis (R² ajustado = 95,85%). Concluímos que a farinha de casca de Passiflora edulis é uma alternativa eficiente, de baixo custo e alinhada à economia circular, viável para contextos com restrições tecnológicas
Using satellite remote sensing to estimate rangeland carrying capacity for sustainable management of the Marismeño horse in Doñana National Park, Spain
(MDPI, 2025-12-05) Ramírez Juidias, Emilio; Díaz de la Serna Moreno, Ángel; Delgado Pertíñez, Manuel; Ingeniería Gráfica; Agronomía; RNM162: Composición, Arquitectura y Medio Ambiente
Rangeland degradation poses a serious challenge for the sustainable management of free-ranging livestock in Mediterranean wetlands. In Doñana National Park, Spain, the endangered Marismeño horse depends exclusively on natural forage, making it essential to monitor vegetation productivity and grazing suitability under increasing climate variability. This study presents a satellite-based assessment of rangeland carrying capacity to support the adaptive management of this iconic breed. A six-year time series (2015–2020) of 1242 images from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and Sentinel-2 (L1C/L2A) was processed using ILWIS and Python-based workflows to derive vegetation indices (GNDVI, NDMI) and model aboveground biomass, forage energy, and grazing pressure across five grazing units. Results revealed strong seasonal cycles, with biomass and nutritive value peaking in spring and declining sharply in summer. Ecotonal zones such as La Vera y Sotos acted as crucial refuges during drought-induced resource shortages. The harmonized multi-sensor approach demonstrated high reliability for mapping forage dynamics and assessing carrying capacity at fine scales. This remote sensing framework offers an effective, scalable tool for sustainable livestock management in Doñana, directly supporting biodiversity conservation and the long-term resilience of Mediterranean rangeland ecosystems.
The hidden cost of comfort: regulatory blindness to humidity and a new energy poverty index for tropical housing
(Elsevier, 2025) Delgado Gutiérrez, Evelyn Yaneth; Rubio Bellido, Carlos; Torres González, Marta; Ingeniería Gráfica; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II
Prevailing thermal comfort and energy efficiency standards such as ASHRAE 55 and NEC HS-EE are fundamentally misaligned with the climatic realities of tropical regions, where relative humidity—rather than temperature—constitutes the dominant factor influencing occupant comfort. Both frameworks rely primarily on-air temperature and running mean calculations, neglecting the substantial influence of relative humidity. This simplification is particularly problematic in tropical climates, where high humidity levels frequently amplify the perception of heat, impair natural cooling mechanisms, and significantly increase the need for mechanical systems. This study evaluates the performance of low-income housing in coastal Ecuador using dynamic simulations under current and future climate scenarios, comparing energy demand outcomes for envelope designs compliant with NEC and ASHRAE standards. The results show that these standards, while effective in temperate climates, lead to internal overheating and substantially increased cooling loads when applied to tropical settings. Moreover, the inclusion of relative humidity in comfort analysis reveals that actual thermal conditions often surpass acceptable thresholds—even when operative temperatures fall within the normative comfort bands. To better reflect the lived thermal experience, a modified energy poverty indicator is proposed, integrating relative humidity as a key variable. Findings show that achieving real comfort conditions under high humidity may require up to ten times more energy than estimated by temperature-only models, pushing household costs beyond affordability limits. These results highlight a critical mismatch between prevailing standards and tropical climatic conditions, underscoring the need for more context-sensitive frameworks that explicitly address humidity-driven discomfort and its socioeconomic consequences
Geo-visualisation applied to archival heritage: a transversal interpretation of historical architectural projects
(Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 2025) Granado Castro, Gabriel; Aguilar Camacho, Joaquín; Vaca-Cataneda, Victor; Ingeniería Gráfica
The Historical Municipal Archive of Cadiz preserves a signiﬁcant collection of documents that has been created by the Town Hall since 1596, the year in which the city was sacked by Anglo-Dutch troops and all previous documents were lost. The collection includes a series of plans and façade elevations of the various architectural interventions carried out on the city’s buildings in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Currently, the archive lacks a ﬂexible and systema8sed digital tool that would enable swift access to this very interesting graphic documentation. Subsequent to having ﬁrst corrected the errors in the catalogue and having selected the relevant information to be highlighted, the research carried out focuses on the analysis of all the surviving graphic documents and the creation of a digital database. With the help of this new database, all the preserved plans are inserted into a digital urban cartography and georeferenced with the highlighted information in a GIS tool. In this way, accessibility to the informa8on and consultation of the collec8on has been improved. Lastly, the GIS tool has enabled us to carry out various quan8ta8ve analyses with spa8al georeferencing of the architectural projects received in several categories, including those of architects, periods of execu8on, type of architectural intervention, buildings with the highest number of in- terven8ons, and neighbourhoods with the most projects. These analyses shed light on the evolution and architectural development of the city in the period under study.
Assessment of the shoreline dynamics in San Andres Island: A remote sensing and EOF analysis approach
(Elsevier, 2025) Cabarcas-Mier, Angélica; Rey, Wilmer; Torrecillas Lozano, Cristina; Paladio Hernández, Alejandro; Cahuich López, Miguel; Salles, Paulo; Muñoz Pérez, Juan José; Santos Medina, Lucía de; Jigena Antelo, Bismarck; Ingeniería Gráfica; Junta de Andalucía; European Union (UE); Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Colombia
This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of the shoreline of San Andres Island (SAI), located in an internationally recognized protected area in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, using Sentinel-2 satellite images covering six years (2015–2021). The data were downloaded using Google Earth Engine and processed with the CoastSat tool. Coastal indicators NSM, EPR, and LRR were calculated. Afterward, an Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis was implemented to comprehend the favored spatial patterns of the coasts in two significant regions of the island and their corresponding temporal fluctuation. As a result, the statistical indicators revealed that more than 60 % of the transects displayed erosional trends in both study areas. This study found three prevailing patterns that account for a significant portion of the variability in the data. The first EOF mode revealed a cross-shore movement of the shoreline, as shown by a spatial structure with no crossings by zero in the two zones analyzed. The second EOF mode had zero crossings or nodal locations, representing alongshore movement. The third EOF mode was related to a coastal phenomenon known as "breathing," which influenced the curvature of the coastline. The spatial variability is thus explained by the incoming waves (first and second phase) and the beach form (third phase). For both zones, the temporal modes of variability were correlated with wave parameters and with less significance by the wind speed. Additionally, accretion and erosion patterns based on remote sensing were generated for those zones. The insights gained from this study hold significant promise for policymakers aiming to mitigate coastal erosion and enhance the resilience of San Andres Island. By integrating these findings into decision-making processes, effective strategies can be developed to protect and sustain this vital coastal ecosystem for future generations.
The Extremal Value Analysis of Sea Level in the Gulf of Cádiz and Alborán Sea: A New Methodology and the Resilience of Critical Infrastructures
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025) Alonso del Rosario, José J.; Yin, Danping; Vidal Pérez, Juan M.; Coronil Huertas, Daniel J.; Blázquez Gómez, Elizabeth; Pavón Quintana, Santiago; Muñoz Pérez, Juan J.; Torrecillas Lozano, Cristina; Ingeniería Gráfica; Junta de Andalucía; European Commission (EC)
Rising sea levels and increasing storm wave heights are two clear indicators of climate change affecting coastal environments worldwide. Coastal cities and infrastructure are particularly vulnerable to these hazards, highlighting the need for accurate predictions and effective adaptation and resilience strategies to protect human lives and economic activities. This study focuses on the Andalusia coast of southern Spain, from Cádiz to Almería, analyzing twelve years of sea level and wave height records using an Extreme Value Analysis. A key challenge lies in selecting the most suitable statistical distribution for long-term predictions. To address this, we propose a modified application of the Cramér–Rao Lower Bound and compare it with the Akaike Information Criteria and the Bayesian Information Criteria. Our results indicate that sea level extremes generally follow a Gumbel distribution, while wave height extremes align more closely with the Fisher–Tippett I distribution. Additionally, a high-resolution digital elevation model of the Navantia Puerto Real shipyard, generated with LiDAR scanning, was used to identify flood-prone areas and assess potential operational impacts. This approach allows for the development of practical recommendations for enhancing infrastructure resilience. The main contribution of this work includes the estimation of extreme regimes for sea level and wave stations, a novel and more efficient application of the Cramér–Rao Lower Bound, a comparative analysis with Bayesian criteria, and providing recommendations to improve the resilience of shipyard operations.
Mapping of seismic parameters of the Iberian Peninsula by means of a geographic information system
(Springer, 2018) Amaro Mellado, José Lázaro; Morales Esteban, Antonio; Martínez Álvarez, F.; Ingeniería Gráfica; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
En este trabajo, los siguientes parámetros sísmicos, la magnitud máxima registrada, el valor b de Gutenberg–Ritcher y la tasa de actividad sísmica media (normalizada), AR, se han calculado para la Península Ibérica y alrededores. Se ha empleado un sistema de información geográfica para recopilar todos los datos, trabajar con diferentes sistemas geográficos y generar los mapas. Se ha considerado como entrada una versión mejorada del catálogo de terremotos del Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España. Debido a la evolución de la red de detección y la extensión del territorio, los valores de completitud deben sectorizarse para obtener valores b y valores AR fiables. Por lo tanto, se ha considerado un trabajo previo sobre regionalización.
Comparing seismic parameters for different source zone models in the Iberian Peninsula
(Elsevier, 2017) Amaro Mellado, José Lázaro; Morales Esteban, Antonio; Asencio Cortés, G.; Martínez Álvarez, F; Ingeniería Gráfica; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Seismical parameters of five seismogenic zonings for the Iberian Peninsula have been determined in this work. For that purpose, this research has two key goals. The first is to generate a seismic catalog. The second to calculate the seismical parameters of all the zones of the seismogenic zonings selected. The first key goal has been the creation of a catalog of earthquakes for the Iberian Peninsula and adjacent areas. First, the National Geographic Institute of Spain's catalog has been completed and reviewed with the information from other catalog reviews and specific studies. Second, all magnitude calculations have been homogenized. Third, all dependent data have been eliminated through declustering. Finally, the year of completeness for each magnitude has been considered. The Quaternary active faults database of Iberia has also been used as input data. All of this information has been integrated into a geographic information system. The second key aim is the calculation of the seismical parameters. The first parameter obtained has been the b-value. A method which considers different years of completeness in accordance with the magnitude has been used. Also, the annual rate of earthquakes per square kilometer has been calculated. Moreover, the maximum magnitude known that Quaternary active faults might generate and maximum magnitude recorded in the catalog have been determined. Finally, based solely on the statistical parameters obtained, a critical discussion of the seismogenic zonings of the Iberian Peninsula has been conducted. The results show that some zonings possess insufficient data for a proper calculation of the seismic parameters, from a statistical point of view.
Impact of cartographic and labeling standards on the dissemination of Toponymy: particularities of bilingual regions. A case study: Euskadi, Spain
(Taylor & Francis, 2025) Mitxelena Hoyos, Oihana; Amaro Mellado, José Lázaro; Ingeniería Gráfica
Toponymy constitutes a system of literal location, which involves the understanding between linguistic and cartographic norms for effective communication. This complexity increases in bilingual territories. This study evaluates the impact of different labeling standards (national and regional) on cartographic legibility in Euskadi (Spain). One standard aims to homogenize results, while the other addresses bilingualism in Euskadi. The goal is to understand how different criteria for capital letters, language, and generic name omissions affect map readability. Apart from semiological issues, labeling efficiency is related to the length of label characters and the omission of names due to label overlapping. The methodology involves applying both standards to the same toponymy database, producing cartographic outputs at scales of 1:25,000 and 1:5,000. Then, a visual and statistical analysis of these maps is conducted. Quantitative results show greater legibility and labeling capacity for the regional standard, especially at the 1:25,000 scale. However, omitting generics in labels requires more effort in cartographic communication through symbo lization. Finally, the flexibility in the use of the national standard, based on cartographers’ experience, often converges with the regional standard’ solutions for this bilingual area.
Presencia de Lygistopterus sanguineus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera, Lycidae) en el sur de la Península Ibérica
(Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 2023) Barreda, José Manuel; Amaro Mellado, José Lázaro; Ingeniería Gráfica
La familia Lycidae Laporte de Castelnau, 1836 se integra actualmente en la superfamilia Elateroidea (LAWRENCE, 1988; BOCÁKOVÁ & BOCÁK, 2007; CAI et al., 2022) y se compone de unas 4600 especies repartidas en seis subfamilias y 160 géneros distribuidas por todo el mundo (LAWRENCE et al., 2000; BOCÁK & BOCÁKO VÁ, 2006). Aunque antiguamente algunos autores como ESPAÑOL (1968) y ALLEMAND et al. (1999) la incluían en la desaparecida superfamilia Chantaroidea.
Geospatial Analysis of the Roman Site of Munigua Based on RGB Airborne Imagery
(MDPI, 2025-09-18) Ramírez Juidias, Emilio; Antón García, Daniel; Ingeniería Gráfica; Expresión Gráfica y Arquitectónica; Universidad de Sevilla
This study investigates the use of high-resolution RGB aerial imagery from Spain’s National Aerial Orthophotography Plan (PNOA) for archeological feature detection through spectral index analysis and unsupervised clustering. Focusing on the Roman site of Munigua, eight orthophotographs acquired between 2014 and 2024 were analyzed to compute five RGB-based spectral indices: VARI, GLI, ExG, CSI, and BI. These indices were used to detect surface spectral anomalies potentially linked to buried archeological structures. A multi-temporal approach was employed, with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-Means clustering applied independently to each image. This allowed for the identification of temporally persistent anomalies (areas that remained within the same spectral cluster across multiple years), suggesting the presence of underlying anthropogenic features. Despite the lack of near-infrared data, the combination of RGB-based indices and temporal clustering proved effective for non-invasive prospection. The methodology is scalable, repeatable, and relies entirely on open-access datasets, making it suitable for broader applications in heritage monitoring and landscape archeology. The results underscore the potential of RGB imagery and time-series clustering in detecting subtle archeological signals within complex vegetated environments.
Circularidad como alternativa sostenible en la autoconstrucción de viviendas en zonas vulnerables de Latinoamérica
(Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2025) González-Vallejo, Patricia; Yajnes, Marta Edith; Caruso, Susana Inés; Muñoz-Sanguinetti, Claudia Marcela; Ingeniería Gráfica
Este estudio evalúa la viabilidad económica y ambiental de incorporar subproductos derivados de residuos de construcción y demolición y materiales reciclados en la construcción de cerramientos de viviendas sociales en zonas vulnerables. Se aplica a un caso estudio en la ciudad de Temuco (Chile), comparando la propuesta con una solución constructiva convencional y con otras investigaciones que también emplean subproductos en edificación. La metodología incluye el análisis de costes apoyado en bases de datos de la construcción y en el proyecto arquitectónico para determinar los recursos y, los impactos económico y ambiental. La evaluación ambiental se realiza mediante indicadores como huella de carbono, huella ecológica, energía incorporada y generación de residuos de construcción y demolición, utilizando bases de datos especializadas como Ecoinvent y SimaPro. Los resultados muestran que el uso de subproductos no solo reduce los costes de construcción, sino que también disminuye el impacto ambiental, promueve la economía circular y fomenta el empleo local. La comparación con otros estudios indica que la propuesta tiene ventajas económicas y ambientales. No obstante, se identifica el uso del cemento como un factor de alto impacto ambiental, lo que sugiere la necesidad de explorar alternativas más sostenibles en futuras investigaciones. En conclusión, el estudio confirma la viabilidad económica y ambiental de soluciones constructivas sostenibles en viviendas sociales en zonas vulnerables, contribuyendo al desarrollo de prácticas más responsables y resilientes en el sector de la construcción.
Assessment of energy efficiency and energy poverty of the residential building stock of the city of Seville using GIS
(MDPI, 2025-06-07) Aguilar Aguilera, Antonio Jesús; Hoz Torres, María Luisa de la; Aguilar Camacho, Joaquín; Guerrero Rivera, María Fernanda; Ingeniería Gráfica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; TEP156: Ingeniería Gráfica y Cartográfica
In the European Union, 75% of the residential building stock is estimated to have energy inefficiencies, which increases the probability of falling into energy poverty. Poor thermal conditions reduce the quality of life of dwelling occupants. Renovating the residential building stock is essential to reduce energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and energy poverty in cities. This study aims to assess and map the energy efficiency and energy poverty of residential buildings in Seville at the urban district and census tract level. A total of 45,908 dwellings were evaluated using data from the Energy Performance Certificates database and demographic and economic information from national and official databases. The analysis considers dwelling typology, year of construction, average household income, and geographic location at the district and census tract level. The results show that Seville’s residential building stock performs poorly, with 83% and 92% of dwellings rated “E” or lower for energy consumption and CO2 emissions, respectively. The findings of this GIS-based study help identify urban areas with less efficient buildings and higher energy poverty risk, providing valuable information to develop targeted renovation strategies and reduce the climate impact of Seville’s residential building stock.
Historical "Sebka" Plaster Claddings: Geometric Analysis, Construction Insights, Conservation Status, and Digital Recreation of Polychrome
(Taylor and Francis, 2025-07-03) Torres González, Marta; Blasco-López, Francisco Javier; Alejandre Sánchez, Francisco Javier; Ingeniería Gráfica; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
Historic plasterwork façades, particularly sebka panels in UNESCO World Heritage sites such as the Courtyard of the Maidens, represent outstanding examples of Islamic and Mudéjar decorative traditions. Despite their cultural significance, these ornamental claddings are highly susceptible to environmental degradation, structural vulnerabilities, and inappropriate restoration practices. This research adopts an interdisciplinary approach to the preventive conservation of historical plasterwork, combining geometric analysis, environmental monitoring, and material characterisation. Non-destructive techniques, such as infrared thermography (IRT), allowed for the diagnosis of concealed pathologies and construction systems, while XRD analysis provided unprecedented insight into the original polychrome finishes. The study identified typological variations in sebka panels and underscored the role of temperature and relative humidity fluctuations in the mechanical failure of decorative elements, such as pineapples and metal fixings. Crucially, the analysis of the remaining polychromies revealed the original colour palette — featuring azurite blue, vermilion, red ochre, and organic black — thereby recovering the chromatic richness of these unique plasterworks. The outcomes of this research offer innovative preventive conservation strategies and a comprehensive diagnostic methodology that can serve as a reference for the preservation of Islamic-Mudéjar plasterwork in Spain and beyond, ensuring the safeguarding of their material authenticity and artistic integrity.
Diagnosis by SAM Linked to Machine Vision Systems in Olive Pitting Machines
(MDPI, 2025) Villanueva Gandul, Luis; Madueño Luna, Antonio; Madueño Luna, José Miguel; López Gordillo, Miguel Calixto; González Ortega, Manuel Jesús; Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos; Ingeniería Gráfica
Computer Vision (CV) has proven to be a powerful tool for automation in agri-food industrial processes, offering high-precision solutions tailored to specific working conditions. Recent advancements in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have revolutionized CV applications, enabling systems to autonomously learn and optimize tasks. However, ANN-based approaches often require complex development and lengthy training periods, making their implementation a challenge. In this study, we explore the use of the Segment Anything Model (SAM), a pre-trained neural network developed by META AI in 2023, as an alternative for industrial segmentation tasks in the table olive (Olea europaea L.) processing industry. SAM’s ability to segment objects regardless of scene composition makes it a promising tool to improve the efficiency of olive pitting machines (DRRs). These machines, widely employed in industrial processing, frequently experience mechanical inefficiencies, including the “boat error,” which arises when olives are improperly oriented, leading to defective pitting and pit splinter contamination. Our approach integrates SAM into n CV workflow to diagnose and quantify boat errors without designing or training an additional task-specific ANN. By analyzing the segmented images, we can determine both the percentage of boat errors and the size distribution of olives during transport. The results validate SAM as a feasible option for industrial segmentation, offering a simpler and more accessible solution compared to traditional ANN-based methods. Moreover, our statistical analysis reveals that improper calibration—manifested as size deviations from the nominal value—does not significantly increase boat error rates. This finding supports the adoption of complementary CV technologies to enhance olive pitting efficiency. Future work could investigate real-time integration and the combination of CV with electromechanical correction systems to fully automate and optimize the pitting process.
Development of a computer vision-based method for sizing and boat error assessment in olive pitting machines
(MDPI, 2025-06-13) Villanueva Gandul, Luis; Madueño Luna, Antonio; Madueño Luna, José Miguel; López Gordillo, Miguel Calixto; González Ortega, Manuel Jesús; Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos; Ingeniería Gráfica; AGR280: Ingeniería Rural; AGR278: Smart Biosystems Laboratory
Table olive pitting machines (DRRs) are essential in the agri-food industry but face significant limitations that constrain their performance and compromise process reliability. The main defect, known as the “boat error”, results from improper olive orientation during pitting, leading to bone fragmentation, pulp damage, and potential risks to consumer safety. Traditional quality control methods, such as the use of flotation tanks and expert sensory evaluation, rely on destructive sampling, are time-consuming, and reduce overall productivity. To address these challenges, this study presents a novel computer vision (CV) system integrated into a commercial DRR machine. The system captures high-speed images of Gordal olives (Olea europaea regalis) just before pitting; these are later analyzed offline using a custom MATLAB application that applies HSV-based segmentation and morphological analysis to quantify the olive size and orientation. The method accurately identifies boat error cases based on angular thresholds, without interrupting the production flow or damaging the product. The results show that 97% of olives were correctly aligned, with only 1.1% presenting critical misorientation. Additionally, for the first time, the system allowed a detailed evaluation of the olive size distribution at the machine inlet, revealing an unexpected proportion of off-caliber olives. This contamination in sizing suggests a possible link between calibration deviations and the occurrence of boat errors, introducing a new hypothesis for future investigation. While the current implementation is limited to offline analysis, it represents a non-destructive, low-cost, and highly precise diagnostic tool. This work lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of DRR machine behavior and provides a framework for future developments aimed at optimizing their performance through targeted correction strategies.

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