Artículos (Ingeniería Eléctrica)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/11352

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Droop-control-aided state estimation and false data detection in active distribution systems
(Elsevier, 2025) Dimoulias, Stelios C.; Kryonidis, Georgios C.; Malamaki, Kyriaki-Nefeli D.; Folletis, Fotios P.; Milioudis, Apostolos N.; Romero Ramos, Esther; Ingeniería Eléctrica; European Union (UE)
In this paper, an enhanced state estimation (SE) method for active distribution systems (DSs) is presented. The advancement of the proposed method lies in the integration of the local control logic of the distributed renewable energy sources, i.e., the droop control, into the mathematical formulation of the SE optimization problem. The proposed method is evaluated in comparison with the conventional weighted least squares SE method, both as a stand-alone state estimator and under false data injection cyberattacks. Simulations on two real-world medium-voltage DSs demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed method in terms of estimation accuracy and system observability, as well as its superiority against both random and sophisticated false data injection attacks.
The cost of ancillary services in high PV penetration scenarios: the case of Spain
(Elsevier, 2025) Alonso Pérez, Javier Florencio; Arcos Vargas, Ángel; Martínez Ramos, José Luis; Organización Industrial y Gestión de Empresas I; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Renewables should reach a 42.5 % share of total energy consumption by 2030 to meet the EU agenda, which translates to 75–80 % of the electricity generation mix for intermittent renewable resources (wind, solar…). In this context, running out-of-merit thermal power plants just to provide ancillary services (AS) has undesirable side effects, namely: increased supply cost and CO2 emissions, and reduced renewables share in the mix. This article proposes a methodology to compare the impact of AS provision in future scenarios with high renewables penetration, mainly photovoltaics (PV), under two different alternatives: 1) AS fully provided by conventional power plants, as is done today; and 2) AS provided by renewable sources, according to marginal market criteria. The future scenarios are built considering the current generation portfolio plus additional wind, PV and battery storage facilities, all of them competing with the marginal thermal technology (combined cycles). The methodology is applied to the Spanish case, keeping in mind the revised National Energy and Climate Plan for 2030. In conclusion, a series of recommendations are made regarding ancillary service provision and storage deployment.
On the damping deterioration of power systems with CIG-based power plants performing PFR under communication delays
(Elsevier, 2025) Moreno Díaz, Luna; Mauricio, Juan Manuel; Rodríguez del Nozal, Álvaro; Stojkovic Terzic, Jelena; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
The primary frequency response of converter-interfaced generation power plants is a mandatory technical requirement of the grid connection codes. This is the case in Europe, where the grid code EU 2016/631 specifies mandatory frequency sensitive modes for power park modules of medium and high dimension. In this response, the active power output changes as a result of a frequency deviation in order to contribute to the restoration of the nominal frequency. The power plant controller that governs these type of plants is the responsible to perform this task. Plant-level control latency is primarily caused by communication delays, which increase the plant response time, thereby compromising the damping of network oscillation modes in the range of 0.1 to 1.5 Hz. The case presented here shows that in certain situations the primary frequency response, which is crucial for maintaining frequency stability, can seriously affect the oscillation damping of a power system. This can lead to so-called angle instability. Simulations show that PFR provision by PV plants can worsen damping when delays are present, especially with changes in system inertia or line length.
Minimum-time MILP-based EV charging scheduling for prosumers
(Elsevier, 2025-11) Gómez-Quiles, Catalina; Páramo Balsa, Paula; Riquelme Santos, Jesús Manuel; Gómez Expósito, Antonio; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Junta de Andalucía; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
With increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EV) and behind-the-meter renewables, strategies that balance cost and user convenience (i.e., EV availability) are essential. This work proposes two sequential optimization models for EV charging in prosumer households equipped with rooftop PV and BESS: first, a linear programming (LP) model for least-cost scheduling; second, an original mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for minimum-time charging within an acceptable cost overrun. The two models are rigorously formulated and validated with real-world data. Both charging strategies (least-cost and minimum-time) are simulated throughout a year for prosumers with different combinations of assets. Then, the total annual costs and average charging times are compared with those arising when the owner simply leaves the EV charging while it is plugged in. Simulation results show that the proposed minimum-time charging scheduling, while being computationally efficient, is particularly effective in the presence of both PV and BESS, providing significantly shorter charging times than the least-cost approach, whereas the actual cost overrun is very small (around 1% on average).
The sustainability of Langkawi Archipelago: a bibliometric analysis from 1975 to 2022
(Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 2025) Sharif Ali, Sarkawt Hama; Zarco Periñán, Pedro Javier; Mohd Ali, Nurul Izzati; Yusoff, Mohd Nazaruddin; Talib, Azlizan; Hassan, Mohamad Ghozali; Ingeniería Eléctrica
Archipelago tourism, including Malaysia is a growing and important subsector of the tourism industry worldwide. To assess the current status and developments in the area, a bibliometric study was conducted on the Langkawi archipelago using bibliographical data from the Web of Science (WoS) database over a period of 47 years (1975 to 2022). Furthermore, the study utilised VOSviewer to examine co-authorship networks across researchers, publications, nations, institutions, and keywords. In particular, the analysis included 339 articles regarding the Langkawi archipelago, written by 225 authors from 31 countries. As such, “Grismer L. Lee” is a prolific researcher with an interest in the Langkawi archipelago and contributed the highest number of articles with 15 articles and 289 citations. Simultaneously, Malaysia has been the centre of research on the Langkawi archipelago, especially Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) with 93 publications (684 citations), Universiti Malaya (UM) with 22 publications (194 citations), and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) with 12 publications (131 citations). These significant discoveries will enhance researchers’ comprehension of the present state of research and assist stakeholders in formulating comprehensive policies and plans to promote sustainability in archipelagos. This is especially true in the Langkawi archipelago as a Global Geopark destination.
Hybrid Multivector FCS–MPC for Six-Phase Electric Drives
(Enstitute of Electrial and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2022-08) González Prieto, Ángel; Martín Torres, Cristina; González Prieto, Ignacio; Durán, Mario J.; Carrillo-Ríos, Juan; Aciego, Juan José; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Junta de Andalucía
Standard finite control set model predictive controllers (FCS–MPC) suffer from a deteriorated current quality when applied to multiphase drives. This problem has been recently mitigated with the concept of virtual voltage vectors. Its application ensures reduced current harmonics by limiting the x–y voltage injection. An intensive research effort has been done seeking for the best vector combination to provide an optimized performance in FCS–MPC. On one hand, multivector strategies including a null vector refine the effective voltage production with enhanced current quality but the dc-link utilization decreases. On the other hand, the exclusive use of large virtual vectors (LVVs) ensures a higher dc-link utilization at the price of a poorer current quality at low-voltage operation. This article first proposes an extended version of multivector strategies using a zero vector by including a quartet of voltage vectors. The usage of five switching states into the predictive approach (MV5–MPC) improves the current quality but still lacks a suitable utilization of the dc-link voltage. To overcome this limitation, the proposed MV5–MPC is combined with LVV–MPC to provide a hybrid solution that simultaneously achieves a higher current quality and a satisfactory dc-link utilization. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposal.
Exploring Multiple Functionalities of Cyber-Physical Power System Within Digital Substation-Based Laboratory Environment
(IEEE, 2025-04-22) Hai Pham, Le Nam; Riquelme Domínguez, José Miguel; González Longatt, Francisco; Ingeniería Eléctrica
The landscape of control centre technologies is dynamically adapting to the swift transformations in the physical world, specifically targeting wide-area monitoring, control, and protection in energy systems. In response to these changes, Cyber-Physical Power System (CPPS) has emerged as a promising solution to develop control centre technologies and is gaining significant attention from scholars and researchers with similar interests. However, the widespread adoption of CPPS technology faces several challenges, such as the need for methodologies to develop further CPPS or the detailed deployment of multiple functions within the CPPS framework. To address these challenges, a specialised CPPS testbed within a laboratory environment is presented in this study. In addition, this paper delves into various functions integrated into CPPS, involving critical aspects such as real-time monitoring, digital communication protocol, state estimation, outlier detection, optimal power flow and self-healing capabilities. By implementing a co-simulation platform based on two real-time simulators, Typhoon HIL, the physical and cyber layers can exchange data through Ethernet LAN within the laboratory environment through communication protocols, IEEE C37.118.1 and IEC 61850. This research lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of the potential applications of the CPPS testbed for future control centre technology as well as serves as a catalyst for further innovations, driving a paradigm toward smart, flexible energy infrastructure.
Economic assessment of self-consumption and energy communities: Profit distribution insights from a real case study
(Elsevier, 2025-10) Riquelme Domínguez, José Miguel; Sempértegui, María Emilia; Roldán Fernández, Juan Manuel; Serrano-González, Javier; Riquelme Santos, Jesús Manuel; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Junta de Andalucía
The deployment of solar energy for self-consumption provides an opportunity to restructure energy systems by harnessing energy and allowing individuals to actively participate in the energy transition, resulting in more significant profits. This work compares the photovoltaic (PV) electricity production for residential prosumers under three scenarios, in which: (1) the PV systems are designed to supply the individual demands of each user optimally; (2) with the exact PV capacity of the first scenario, the users decide to form an energy community; and (3), the prosumers decide to consolidate as an energy community from the beginning, and the whole PV system is designed to cover the demand of all the users optimally. Results show that energy communities in general, and creating the community from zero in particular, are more cost-effective than when the prosumers invest and manage their own PV system individually. The paper also discusses the distribution of the additional profits considering four allocation strategies, with the sharing approach based on the optimal individual photovoltaic power capacity being the most advantageous for all prosumers of the community. Specifically, with this sharing strategy, all prosumers reduce their payback, all prosumers increase the Net Present Value of their investment, and all prosumers pay less than 50% of what they pay when they do not have a self-consumption installation.
Scaled-down three-phase four-wire low-voltage distribution network for testing smart grid technologies
(Elsevier, 2025) Gross Muresan, Andrei Mihai; Matas Díaz, Francisco Jesús; Barragán-Villarejo, Manuel; Maza Ortega, José María; Romero Ramos, Esther; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; European Commission (EC); TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Low-voltage distribution networks are facing nowadays a major transformation to tackle the long-awaited decarbonization of our society. This paper presents a physically scaled-down unbalanced three-phase four-wire (3P-4W) low-voltage distribution network for testing new software and hardware technologies which may foster this revolution. The aim is to develop a test bed able to faithfully reproduce the performance of this part of the power system. In this manner, it would be possible to assess the impact that any technology may have in advance of an actual field deployment. The paper describes the main design considerations for representing end users, comprising loads and/or generators, and a detailed model of the unbalanced network including coupling between phases. The built scaled-down distribution network has been assessed through a comprehensive set of unitary and integrated tests which are compared to simulation results to evidence the effectiveness of its design. The paper closes with the main conclusions and an outline of the future works that can be carried out using the described test bed.
Exploring data-driven technique in optimal power flow study through real-time cyber-physical power system under uncertainties
(Elsevier, 2025) Hai Pham, Le Nam; Riquelme Domínguez, José Miguel; Gonzalez Longatt, Francisco; Ingeniería Eléctrica
Data-driven techniques have become a significant trend in recent years across various engineering domains, particularly in power systems. The ability to analyse large datasets and process input signals efficiently has positioned these techniques as a powerful alternative to traditional calculation methods. Since power systems evolve and become more complex, there have been increased challenges. One of the challenges is the growing number of control variables that place a heavy burden on conventional computational approaches, leading to extended calculation times. Given the necessities to address this challenge, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the data-driven approach in the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) studies, highlighting its potential for managing large-scale power systems and its suitability for real-time applications. The key contributions of this paper can be listed as follows: (i) Modelling power system uncertainties by using stochastic models for load demands and the fluctuations of distributed renewable energy resources (DERs) such as solar, or wind power generations, (ii) A comparison study of two common optimisation numerical techniques for OPF, differential evolution, and interior point optimiser, to identify the most well-suited method for data-driven models, (iii) Leveraging the data-driven approach to forecast optimum setpoints based on the power network profiles, and (iv) Implementation of a real-time cyber-physical power system (CPPS) for validating the proposed data-driven approach. This paper helps clarify the growing trend of data-driven technique utilisation in engineering domains, both in industry and research, with a particular focus on power systems, aiming to wide-area monitoring and control in future smart grids.
Economic assessment of battery energy storage systems for frequency regulation reserve provision: A case study of the Dominican Republic
(Elsevier, 2025-10) Cruz De Jesús, Emely; Martínez Ramos, José Luis; Marano-Marcolini, Alejandro; Gómez Expósito, Antonio; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; European Union (UE); TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
This paper presents an economic assessment of the integration of battery energy storage systems for providing frequency regulation reserves in island power systems that are undergoing a transition to a decarbonized energy mix. The Dominican Republic system is used as a paradigmatic case study. The study employs actual data from 2022 and multiple mixed-integer linear programming optimization models to evaluate the operational and frequency regulation provision costs in different scenarios, both with and without accounting for the contribution of the storage systems to primary and secondary frequency regulation. The findings indicate that the integration of battery energy storage systems can lead to a reduction in annual operational costs of 10%, and enhance the penetration of renewable energy by 12% for 2030. Moreover, the economic analysis reveals that currently, the payback period for such investments is less than one year for primary frequency regulation and less than two years for secondary frequency regulation. The results highlight the dual benefits of storage systems in enhancing grid stability and supporting the integration of renewable energy, thus contributing to a more sustainable and resilient power system.
Predictive Current Control of a Five-Phase Drive Using a Lead-Pursuit Strategy and Virtual Voltage Vectors
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025) Barrero, Federico; Bermúdez Guzmán, Mario; Arahal, Manuel R.; González Prieto, Ignacio; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; European Union (UE)
Modern electric machines are attracting the greatest interest from the research community due to their current increasing number of applications, including electric vehicles and wind power generators. Their use requires the development of complex regulators, where predictive controllers appear as interesting and viable alternatives in recent research works. Although these controllers have an easy formulation and high flexibility to incorporate different control objectives in multidimensional systems, they have limitations that require attention and limit their application: a high computational cost and current harmonic content. This work presents a novel controller that focuses on these limitations, where the additional degree of freedom introduced in the predictive controller through the lead-pursuit guidance law concept is combined with the use of virtual voltage vectors to reduce the harmonic content in a controlled drive. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is explored using a five-phase drive and several figures of merit, such as the root mean square error in current tracking, the total harmonic distortion in the stator currents, and the number of switching commutations per cycle. Different predictive controllers are compared with the proposal in terms of speed regulation, stator current control, and steady-state performance, where the results obtained are analyzed to show the interest, improvements, and limitations of the proposal.
Discontinuous PWM Operation of a Single-Phase PV Generator With Low-Voltage Energy Storage
(2024-08) Rodríguez Ramos, Ezequiel; Leyva, Ramón; Liu, Qingxiang; Vázquez Pérez, Sergio; Farivar, Glen G.; Townsend, Christopher D.; Ingeniería Electrónica; TIC109: Tecnología
Abstract—Using energy storage in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) generators is an efficient solution to deliver regulated power to the grid despite fluctuations in solar irradiance. The paper analyses a single-phase grid-connected PV generators with energy storage, where the energy storage has a low voltage, namely without too many series-connected storing cells. The PV generator consists of three subsystems connected by a common dc-link capacitor: a PV unit, an energy storage unit, and an inverter. Furthermore, in the proposed solution, the inverter does not switch for a significant portion of the grid period, resulting in lower switching losses. The single-phase inverter discontinuous operation implies the need of an appropriate control strategy in the boost dc-dc converter of the energy storage unit. The proposed control employs an augmented state model that accounts for resonant variables. The proposed PV solution with low-voltage energy storage, including its control, is validated in a 350-VA experimental prototype to verify the novel approach
Experimental Evaluation and Coordinated Deployment of Ramp-Rate Limitation Against Rapid Voltage Changes in Distribution Systems
(IEEE, 2025) Dimoulias, Stelios C.; Malamaki, Kyriaki-Nefeli D.; Gross Muresan, Andrei Mihai; García-López, Francisco de Paula; Kryonidis, Georgios C.; Barragán-Villarejo, Manuel; Ingeniería Eléctrica; European Union (UE)
Climate change has expedited the integration of converter-interfaced renewable energy sources (CIRESs) in distribution systems. Nevertheless, the active power volatility of CIRESs and the resulting high ramp rates are known to downgrade the voltage quality of distribution systems, causing rapid voltage changes (RVCs). In this context, the operation of CIRESs under ramp-rate limitation (RRL) schemes, employing an energy storage system, could serve as a preventive action against RVCs, thereby restoring voltage quality. To this end, this paper provides insights into the deployment of RRL control against RVCs in two stages. Firstly, the aptness of RRL as a preventive action is experimentally evaluated in a scaled-down laboratory testbed of the CIGRE European benchmark medium-voltage feeder, hosting CIRES prototypes. The RVCs are defined as per the IEEE 1547:2018 and IEC 61000-4-30:2015 Standards. The experimental results demonstrate that the operation of CIRESs under RRL control can enhance voltage quality by suppressing RVCs. Subsequently, a novel, system-level strategy for the coordinated mitigation of RVCs is developed. For a given distribution system, the proposed strategy allocates the RRL functionalities among CIRES units, to achieve the elimination of RVCs under minimal CIRES engagement and energy storage requirements. The effectiveness of the strategy is tested via dynamic rms simulations on the IEEE European Low Voltage test feeder.
Comparison of no linear Kalman filtering schemes for sensorless control of permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance machines
(Elsevier, 2025-01-21) González Cagigal, Miguel Ángel; Martín Torres, Cristina; Bermúdez Guzmán, Mario; Cruz-Romero, Pedro Luis; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance machines (PMA-SynRMs) are gaining attention thanks to their cost-effectiveness, reliability, and efficiency. Speed-sensorless control methods can provide additional competitive advantages to these machines, such as cost and size reduction, and reliability enhancement. In this sense, Kalman filter theory (KF) constitutes a well-established solution for sensorless control of electrical drives that can be easily combined with model predictive control schemes (MPC). This study compares the extended and unscented KF formulations (EKF and UKF) in a sensorless MPC of a PMA-SynRM drive. Performance, computational effort, and sensitivity to measurement errors and model parameters are evaluated and compared through simulation to clarify which filtering algorithm is more suitable for the system under study.
Numerical and experimental analysis of thermal behaviour of high voltage power cable in unfilled ducts
(Nature Portfolio, 2024-09-04) Michele Quercio; Del-Pino-López, Juan Carlos; Grasso, Sergio; Canova, Aldo; Ingeniería Eléctrica; TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
The work addresses the topic of the thermal study of high-voltage power cables installed inside plastic pipes in the absence of filling. The presence of air inside the pipe creates an insulating layer that does not favor heat exchange and makes the calculation of the flow rate more complex, as it is necessary to take into account the thermal phenomena of natural convection and radiation between the surface of the cable and the internal surface of the tube. The numerical model based on the finite element calculation was compared with the experimental results obtained on a simulacrum in which the temperatures on the different layers of the cable were measured. After this validation, some typical installation configurations of single and double energy transport triads were analyzed.
Estimation of Power Output and Efficiency of Induction Motors: A New Non-Intrusive Approach
(MDPI, 2025-02) Páramo Balsa, Paula; Roldán Fernández, Juan Manuel; Semião, Jorge; Burgos Payán, Manuel; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Junta de Andalucía; TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Industry 4.0 (I4.0) represents a transformative approach, integrating technology, production methods, and information and communication technology to enhance industrial value creation. A central I4.0 goal in the energy domain is improving energy efficiency to boost industrial competitiveness and profitability. Given that induction motors account for nearly two-thirds of industrial electrical energy consumption, optimizing their efficiency is crucial. Energy management systems (EMSs) need real-time data to assess motor efficiency, enabling prompt identification and replacement of inefficient motors with alternatives that have optimal efficiency class and rated power for specific applications. This paper introduces a novel non-intrusive method for estimating the load and efficiency of induction motors without disrupting their operation. To reach that goal, the proposed method optimizes the parameters of a set of relationships between output power, input power, and losses with the motor speed, minimizing the error in the estimates. It requires only input electrical power and motor speed measurements to set the model parameters and estimates the load and efficiency using either speed or input power measurements. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method, with a mean overall error of less than 3.5% in estimating output power and efficiency, outperforms conventional methods.
Advanced Distributed Control of Parallel Resonant CLLC DAB Converters
(MDPI, 2025) Carmona Vicente, David; Muñoz Carrero, Alba; Galván Díez, Eduardo; Carrasco Solís, Juan Manuel; Rodríguez Rubio, Francisco; Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Union (UE)
The integration of hybrid alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) networks has gained relevance due to the growing demand for more flexible, efficient, and reliable electrical systems. A key aspect of this integration is the parallelization of power converters, which presents several technical challenges, such as current sharing imbalances, circulating currents, and control complexity. This paper proposes a distributed control architecture for parallel resonant CLLC dual active bridge (DAB) converters to address these issues in hybrid AC–DC networks and microgrids. The approach includes a master voltage controller to regulate the output voltage and distributed local current controllers to ensure load balance. The approach minimizes the difference between the output and input voltages, allowing for independent control of power flow. Simulation and experimental results show significant improvements. The system stability has been demonstrated experimentally. Transient response has been improved with response time 80% lower using the feed-forward term. The system maintained stability with current sharing deviations below 3% under full and low load conditions. Finally, scalability is ensured by the proposed distributed controller because the central power controller is not affected by the number of units in parallel used in the application. This solution is suitable for advanced hybrid networks and microgrid applications.
A real-time machine learning-based methodology for short-term frequency nadir prediction in low-inertia power systems
(Elsevier, 2025) Jiménez Navarro, Manuel Jesús; Riquelme Domínguez, José Miguel; Carranza García, Manuel; González-Longatt, Francisco M.; Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos; Ingeniería Eléctrica
In the modern era, electricity is vital for societal advancement, driving economic growth and essential functions. However, the landscape of power systems is swiftly changing due to the integration of renewable energy sources and the decline of traditional synchronous generation, which reduces the total rotational inertia of the systems. This reduction in inertia leads to more frequent and severe frequency deviations, directly impacting power system behavior. Therefore, there is a pressing need to anticipate frequency grid disturbances to maintain stability and prevent disruptions. A machine learning approach is proposed to address this issue, providing accurate and responsive frequency forecasting in power systems. This paper introduces a novel methodology that leverages machine learning for short-term minimum frequency prediction, emphasizing efficiency and rapid response. A comprehensive experimentation process was conducted using several popular machine learning models, with their hyperparameters optimized through a Bayesian algorithm and evaluated via cross-validation. Results highlight the effectiveness of Decision Trees, offering a balance between efficiency and efficacy. Validation was conducted using the SCADA of a Typhoon HIL real-time simulator, verifying that the proposed methodology is suitable for real-time applications.
Distributed reactive power control scheme for the voltage regulation of unbalanced LV grids
(IEEE, 2021) Kryonidis, Georgios C.; Malamaki, Kyriaki Nefeli D.; Gkavanoudis, Spyros I.; Oureilidis, Konstantinos; Kontis, Eleftherios O.; Mauricio, Juan Manuel; Maza Ortega, José María; Demoulias, Charis S.; Ingeniería Eléctrica
This article proposes a new control strategy for the voltage regulation of unbalanced low-voltage (LV) distribution grids with high penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs). The proposed method uses the available reactive power of DRESs as the primary means for voltage regulation. Furthermore, its distinct feature is the use of a distributed control architecture prioritizing the response of DRESs to maintain the network voltages within permissible limits and minimize the network losses. The prioritization process is locally implemented by each DRES combining two types of information: (a) the sensitivity matrix that quantifies the impact of reactive power variations on the network voltages and (b) voltage measurements along the network. Time-domain and time-series simulations on the IEEE European LV test feeder are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method against existing decentralized, distributed and centralized, optimization-based methods.

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