Artículos (Ingeniería Eléctrica)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/11352

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Advanced Distributed Control of Parallel Resonant CLLC DAB Converters
(MDPI, 2025) Carmona Vicente, David; Muñoz Carrero, Alba; Galván Díez, Eduardo; Carrasco Solís, Juan Manuel; Rodríguez Rubio, Francisco; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Union (UE)
The integration of hybrid alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) networks has gained relevance due to the growing demand for more flexible, efficient, and reliable electrical systems. A key aspect of this integration is the parallelization of power converters, which presents several technical challenges, such as current sharing imbalances, circulating currents, and control complexity. This paper proposes a distributed control architecture for parallel resonant CLLC dual active bridge (DAB) converters to address these issues in hybrid AC–DC networks and microgrids. The approach includes a master voltage controller to regulate the output voltage and distributed local current controllers to ensure load balance. The approach minimizes the difference between the output and input voltages, allowing for independent control of power flow. Simulation and experimental results show significant improvements. The system stability has been demonstrated experimentally. Transient response has been improved with response time 80% lower using the feed-forward term. The system maintained stability with current sharing deviations below 3% under full and low load conditions. Finally, scalability is ensured by the proposed distributed controller because the central power controller is not affected by the number of units in parallel used in the application. This solution is suitable for advanced hybrid networks and microgrid applications.
A real-time machine learning-based methodology for short-term frequency nadir prediction in low-inertia power systems
(Elsevier, 2025) Jiménez Navarro, Manuel Jesús; Riquelme Domínguez, José Miguel; Carranza García, Manuel; González-Longatt, Francisco M.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica
In the modern era, electricity is vital for societal advancement, driving economic growth and essential functions. However, the landscape of power systems is swiftly changing due to the integration of renewable energy sources and the decline of traditional synchronous generation, which reduces the total rotational inertia of the systems. This reduction in inertia leads to more frequent and severe frequency deviations, directly impacting power system behavior. Therefore, there is a pressing need to anticipate frequency grid disturbances to maintain stability and prevent disruptions. A machine learning approach is proposed to address this issue, providing accurate and responsive frequency forecasting in power systems. This paper introduces a novel methodology that leverages machine learning for short-term minimum frequency prediction, emphasizing efficiency and rapid response. A comprehensive experimentation process was conducted using several popular machine learning models, with their hyperparameters optimized through a Bayesian algorithm and evaluated via cross-validation. Results highlight the effectiveness of Decision Trees, offering a balance between efficiency and efficacy. Validation was conducted using the SCADA of a Typhoon HIL real-time simulator, verifying that the proposed methodology is suitable for real-time applications.
Distributed reactive power control scheme for the voltage regulation of unbalanced LV grids
(IEEE, 2021) Kryonidis, Georgios C.; Malamaki, Kyriaki Nefeli D.; Gkavanoudis, Spyros I.; Oureilidis, Konstantinos; Kontis, Eleftherios O.; Mauricio, Juan Manuel; Maza Ortega, José María; Demoulias, Charis S.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica
This article proposes a new control strategy for the voltage regulation of unbalanced low-voltage (LV) distribution grids with high penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs). The proposed method uses the available reactive power of DRESs as the primary means for voltage regulation. Furthermore, its distinct feature is the use of a distributed control architecture prioritizing the response of DRESs to maintain the network voltages within permissible limits and minimize the network losses. The prioritization process is locally implemented by each DRES combining two types of information: (a) the sensitivity matrix that quantifies the impact of reactive power variations on the network voltages and (b) voltage measurements along the network. Time-domain and time-series simulations on the IEEE European LV test feeder are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method against existing decentralized, distributed and centralized, optimization-based methods.
Controladores de potencia de plantas (PPC)
(Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio, 2024) Moreno Díaz, Luna; Mauricio, Juan Manuel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
A medida que las grandes plantas fotovoltaicas y eólicas desplazan a la generación convencional, basada en fuentes de energía primaria gestionables y generadores síncronos, se deben hacer importantes cambios en los sistemas eléctricos para mantener su funcionamiento estable, seguro y eficiente. Para ello, muchos de los servicios de regulación que brindaban los generadores convencionales deben ser suministrados por las nuevas tecnologías, basadas en su mayoría en convertidores de electrónica de potencia, sus sistemas de control y sus redes de comunicación.
A model-less approach for the optimal coordination of renewable energy sources and DC links in low-voltage distribution networks
(Elsevier, 2024-09) Rodríguez del Nozal, Álvaro; Barragán-Villarejo, Manuel; García-López, Francisco de Paula; Dobric, Goran; Mauricio, Juan Manuel; Maza Ortega, José María; Stefanov, Predrag; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; European Commission (EC); Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
This paper presents a model-less centralized control approach for coordinating Renewable Energy Sources and multiterminal DC links in low-voltage distribution networks. The controller is based on the Online Feedback Optimization technique which is adequate for this part of the power system, characterized by a lack of precise model and real-time information. The paper includes the complete mathematical formulation of the optimization problem and its solution applying the presented strategy. The performance of the proposed centralized controller is evaluated through simulations in the European LV distribution network proposed by the CIGRE Task Force C06.04.02. The results show the benefits that DC links may bring to LV networks due to the release of their radial operation. In particular, the proposed strategy achieves a 7.4 % daily energy loss reduction with respect to the base case. The centralized controller, which operates without a detailed network model and reduced real-time information, enables the use of this technology in LV networks which maximizes the penetration of renewable energy sources.
A Systematic Small-signal Analysis Procedure for Improving Synchronization Stability of Grid-forming Virtual Synchronous Generators
(State Grid Electric Power Research Institute ; IEEE, 2025-01) Matas-Díaz, Francisco Jesús; Barragán-Villarejo, Manuel; Maza Ortega, José María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
The integration of converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) into power systems is rapidly replacing traditional synchronous machines. To ensure the security of power supply, modern power systems require the application of grid-forming technologies. This study presents a systematic small-signal analysis procedure to assess the synchronization stability of gridforming virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) considering the power system characteristics. Specifically, this procedure offers guidance in tuning controller gains to enhance stability. It is applied to six different grid-forming VSGs and experimentally tested to validate the theoretical analysis. This study concludes with key findings and a discussion on the suitability of the analyzed grid-forming VSGs based on the power system characteristics.
A systemic and model-less approach for real-time optimal control of unbalanced AC microgrids dominated by power electronics
(Elsevier, 2025-04) Olives Camps, Juan Carlos; Rodríguez del Nozal, Álvaro; Mauricio, Juan Manuel; Maza Ortega, José María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
This paper presents a two-layer hierarchical control system for power regulation between grid-former converters feeding islanded or grid-connected microgrids. This work considers the inherent unsymmetric nature of microgrids that can be composed of, in addition to three-phase loads, single-phase loads. The proposed secondary control strategy combines the classical automatic generation control (AGC) for active power and frequency regulation with an online feedback optimisation (OFO) method for reactive power and voltage regulation per phase. By coordinating the grid-forming devices using these techniques, an optimal operating point can be attained that minimises the voltage imbalance on target buses. This methodology confers a high degree of robustness to disturbances and model inaccuracies. The efficacy of the methodology is evaluated through the simulation of two case studies. The results demonstrate the suitability of the proposed strategy, which leverages the fast responses of the power converters.
Using hybrid distributed energy resources as non-wire alternatives to minimise investment costs
(Elsevier, 2024) García Santacruz, Carlos; Marano-Marcolini, Alejandro; Martínez Ramos, José Luis; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
The trend of increasing electricity demand and policies promoting clean energy generation are leading to an increase in the use of distributed energy resources (DERs). These distributed resources can be used as non-wire alternatives (NWA) to eliminate overload and voltage problems in the grid, instead of relying on network reinforcements. To accomplish this, it is essential to determine the optimal location and type of energy resource. This paper presents a mixed-integer nonlinear optimisation problem for determining the optimal location, selection, and sizing of distributed energy resources. The formulation includes the possibility of associating generation resources with energy storage systems to form hybrid plants that can solve network problems. The proposed method is tested on the CIGRE European Medium Voltage Distribution System using two load scenarios that lead to different grid problems. The results indicate that the use of hybrid systems reduces the total investment cost of the solution compared to the use of generators alone. Additionally, results allow inferring the importance of properly sizing the energy storage in terms of power and energy to match the type and duration of the problems.
A decomposition-based approach to European electricity market clearing
(Elsevier, 2024-10) Eddahmany El Adlani, Abdelali; Riquelme Santos, Jesús Manuel; Gómez-Quiles, Catalina; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Junta de Andalucía; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
This work proposes a methodology to calculate the price of the single pan-European day-ahead electricity market through an iterative process between the markets of two zones: the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe. The motivation for this decomposition-based market clearing procedure is twofold: on the one hand, the two zones considered are weakly connected, due to the peninsular nature of Iberia, electrically connected to the rest of Europe only through the few tie-lines between Spain and France; on the other hand, the types of bids and related constraints are quite heterogeneous in both areas. The proposed algorithm has shown to provide virtually the same results as the official EU Pan-European Hybrid Electricity Market Integration Algorithm (EUPHEMIA), while improving convergence rates and often reducing solution times. The aim is not to replace EUPHEMIA, but rather to provide a more robust alternative that can be run in parallel, capable of providing a solution in cases of difficult convergence caused by the interactions of the complex constraints arising in the markets involved.
Cyber-Physical Testbed Co-Simulation Real-Time: Normal and Abnormal System Frequency Response
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024-03) Riquelme Domínguez, José Miguel; Gonzalez-Longatt, Francisco; Silva Melo, André Felipe; Rueda, José Luis; Palensky, Peter; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Future carbon-neutral power systems impose many challenges; one is the urgent need for a simulation platform that allows replicating the complex systems' actual dynamic performance. This paper shows the results of implementing a cyber-physical testbed co-simulation in real-time to analyse the system frequency response considering primary frequency control and emergency frequency control: under-frequency load-shedding (UFLS) protection schemes. The proposed testbed uses a physical layer of two real-time simulators from different vendors in a closed loop, Opal-RT OP4510 and Typhoon HIL 604, being the first simulator for test system modelling and the remainder used to implement the UFLS protection scheme. Two connections of the real-time simulators are considered: physical connection using wires to exchange analogue signals and cybernetic digital communication using ANSI C37.118 communication protocol. The cybernetic layer of the testbed models a test system, controls the real-time simulation, and implements digital communication between the simulators. A modified version of the P.M. Anderson 9-bus systems is used for testing purposes, including phasor measurement units (PMUs). Results of the real-time simulation show the appropriate performance of the proposed testbed.
Energy consumption in buildings: A compilation of current studies
(Elsevier, 2025-06) Zarco Soto, Francisco Javier; Zarco Soto, Irene M.; Ali, Sharif Shofirun Sharif; Zarco Periñán, Pedro Javier; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU); European Union; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Although the area occupied by cities is very small, they consume between 60% and 80% of the energy. Specifically, in buildings it reaches 36%. For this reason, any measure that favors the use of non-polluting energies or the reduction of energy consumption in them has a great multiplier effect. This has given rise, on the one hand, to government authorities having them as priorities for improvement, and on the other, to researchers increasing their studies on them. This work carries out a synopsis of the investigations that reveal or calculate the energy consumption of buildings. Prisma methodology has been followed for its realization. The investigation reveals that more than half of the publications have focused on residential buildings. The search for manuscripts in a systematic way did not give the expected results, so the identification of studies via other methods was necessary. In fact, more than 90% of the search has been carried out on publications obtained by other means. These have been based on the iterative search for references from those initially obtained by the Prisma methodology. In addition, a classification based on the use of the building and how the studies have been published is presented. A section including calculation methods has also been added because some studies have included buildings dedicated to different uses. Finally, approximate values of energy consumption according to the type of building and possible future variables to be used in certain buildings have been added. In this way, it is intended to facilitate the search for information for researchers interested in knowing the energy consumption in buildings based on their use.
Network impact of increasing distributed PV hosting: A utility-scale case study
(Elsevier, 2021-03) Tévar Bartolomé, Gabriel; Gómez Expósito, Antonio; Arcos Vargas, Ángel; Rodríguez Montañés, Manuel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Organización Industrial y Gestión de Empresas I; Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
This paper presents a methodology to assess the cost of upgrading the LV network so that it can host increasing levels of PV distributed generation. The cost is valued in terms of investment, operation and maintenance and losses. A real scale case study (80,000 customers from urban and rural areas, 460 GWh of demand and 3,600 km of MV&LV lines/cables) is thoroughly analysed, using the actual network topology along with the hourly demand of each supply point, provided by smart meters. With the help of a planning-oriented load flow solver, technical violations (congestions and overvoltages) are quantified and classified for different PV penetration scenarios. Then, a heuristic procedure is implemented aimed at identifying the most cost-effective investment solution that sequentially eliminates the previously ranked excessive congestions, assuming that mild congestions and other operational problems, can be addressed without extra investments, either through network switching practices or through the implementation of local flexibility markets. Specifically, it has been found that the direct costs (investment and O&M) arising from the massive deployment of PV generation amount to 2.73 €/kWp and 10.18 €/kWp for scenarios with 30% and 50% PV penetration levels, respectively. No additional investments needed in digitization, monitoring, automation and systems have been considered.
Hybrid Deep Neural Networks for Detection of Non-Technical Losses in Electricity Smart Meters
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2020-03) Buzau, Madalina-Mihaela; Tejedor Aguilera, Javier; Cruz-Romero, Pedro Luis; Gómez Expósito, Antonio; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Non-technical losses (NTL) in electricity utilities are responsible for major revenue losses. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end solution to self-learn the features for detecting anomalies and frauds in smart meters using a hybrid deep neural network. The network is fed with simple raw data, removing the need of handcrafted feature engineering. The proposed architecture consists of a long short-term memory network and a multi-layer perceptrons network. The first network analyses the raw daily energy consumption history whilst the second one integrates non-sequential data such as its contracted power or geographical information. The results show that the hybrid neural network significantly outperforms state-of-the-art classifiers as well as previous deep learning models used in NTL detection. The model has been trained and tested with real smart meter data of Endesa, the largest electricity utility in Spain.
Participation of Energy Communities in Electricity Markets and Ancillary Services: An Overview of Successful Strategies
(MDPI, 2024-09) Cruz De Jesús, Emely; Marano-Marcolini, Alejandro; Martínez Ramos, José Luis; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Universidad de Sevilla; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Energy communities are a transformative force in the electricity markets and ancillary services, reshaping the energy landscape through collective action. This paper explores the successful strategies adopted by these communities, highlighting real-world cases where they have participated directly in the market, or through aggregators, or sold their energy to retailers, which is of paramount importance because it serves as a foundation for those countries that wish to implement these entities as part of their decarbonization plan. It also serves as a model for the development of future citizen initiatives that aim to turn citizens into active users of the electricity system. The paper examines collaborative dynamics within the energy sector, highlighting how these communities optimize resource sharing and contribute to a more resilient and sustainable energy system. The study emphasizes the potential of energy communities in driving innovation and fostering a participatory approach to energy management. The results show that some pilot projects are being developed and several electricity cooperatives, one of the most common forms of energy communities, are participating in energy trading with their members and other entities. More efforts are also needed for energy communities to participate more directly in the market and/or through aggregators.
An evolutionary computational approach for the identification of distribution networks models
(Elsevier, 2024-11) Rodríguez del Nozal, Álvaro; Carmona Pardo, Rubén; Mauricio, Juan Manuel; Romero Ramos, Esther; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
In this paper, we present a novel methodology for generating low-voltage distribution network models. The methodology is based on leveraging the existing knowledge of the network topology and a comprehensive catalog of the conductors that are installed in each segment of the grid. By using genetic algorithms and data obtained from the smart-meters in the network, the proposed method can produce highly accurate network models. The effectiveness of this methodology has been confirmed by extensive simulation studies achieving errors of less than 0.4 V in the estimation of nodal voltages in scenarios without measurements noise and on the order of the standard deviation of the error considered in the measurements when disturbances are added to the problem.
A sustainable electricity market design: Application to the Iberian market
(2024-11) Dorado Galatoire, Erick Andrés; Núñez Hernández, Fernando; Arcos Vargas, Ángel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Organización Industrial y Gestión de Empresas I; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia de la UE (Next Generation EU/PRTR); European Commission (EC). Fondo Social Europeo Plus (ESF+); Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Current electricity markets are not moving fast enough towards decarbonization, nor are they ensuring the economic sustainability of the different supply technologies in the short-term –cannibalization and depredation problems–. To solve these problems, this study presents an innovative market design to achieve a sustainable electricity system based on cleaner production. Based on the assumption that the energy supplied by manageable and non-manageable generators can be considered as two different goods, we propose a two-market system within the day-ahead market where non-manageable generators operate in the first market through long-term contracts and manageable generators operate in the (marginalist) second market. Under this system, the regulator appropriates an economic surplus that is given by the difference –produced in the first market– between what is received from the buyers in this market (second market's equilibrium price) and what is paid to each non-manageable generator (levelized cost of energy). This public surplus will be used to cover part of the regulated costs of the electricity system, lowering the final price of electricity. To simulate empirically our two-market design, we use hourly microdata from the supply and demand curves of the Iberian day-ahead market. The results of this case study are promising, showing a decrease in the electricity prices and CO2 emissions, an increase in the amount of energy exchanged and the obtainment of a surplus for the regulator of 5,753 M€ in 2021 and 9,944 M€ in 2022. The proposed design ensures the economic sustainability of intermittent renewables as well as provides signals for long-term investment in the deployment of flexible carbon-free resources.
Additional revenues estimation in a market-based redispatch: An opportunity for flexibility
(2024-10) Dorado Galatoire, Erick Andrés; Arcos Vargas, Ángel; Martínez Ramos, José Luis; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Organización Industrial y Gestión de Empresas I; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia de la UE (Next Generation EU/PRTR); European Commission (EC). Fondo Social Europeo Plus (ESF+); Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
The technical constraints in the transmission networks are exerting significant strain on the functioning of electricity markets as the share of variable renewable energy sources is increasing. To manage this issue, the transition to a nodal pricing market has been proposed in the literature. Given that the current structure of the European Union electricity market corresponds to a zonal pricing, the transition to nodal pricing would imply fundamental changes in its market structure. In order to avoid the latter, this study develops a method to identify locational price signals in a decentralized market with zonal pricing and subsequent market-based redispatch. To this end, first, nodes with structural technical constraints are identified –using energy programmes–. Then, the additional revenues of physical units located at these nodes are estimated –using electricity prices–. Finally, this strategic information will guide the development of flexibility solutions –manageable generation capacity and demand response– in these geographic locations, mimicking the main advantage of nodal pricing. Our methodology has been empirically tested on the Spanish power system, using hourly data from the System Operator and Market Operator for four full years, from 2019 to 2022. The results show a higher and constant economic revenue in certain nodes of this system –upward redispatch price is 74.90% higher than day-ahead market price–. Thus, this method can be used by market participants to evaluate publicly available data from a decentralized market with zonal pricing and subsequent market-based redispatch, and obtain essential information to make the best investment decisions.
Low-Cost, Low-Power Edge Computing System for Structural Health Monitoring in an IoT Framework
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-08) Hidalgo Fort, Eduardo; Blanco-Carmona, Pedro; Muñoz Chavero, Fernando; Torralba Silgado, Antonio Jesús; Castro-Triguero, Rafael; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192: Ingeniería Eléctronica
A complete low-power, low-cost and wireless solution for bridge structural health monitoring is presented. This work includes monitoring nodes with modular hardware design and low power consumption based on a control and resource management board called CoreBoard, and a specific board for sensorization called SensorBoard is presented. The firmware is presented as a design of FreeRTOS parallelised tasks that carry out the management of the hardware resources and implement the Random Decrement Technique to minimize the amount of data to be transmitted over the NB-IoT network in a secure way. The presented solution is validated through the characterization of its energy consumption, which guarantees an autonomy higher than 10 years with a daily 8 min monitoring periodicity, and two deployments in a pilot laboratory structure and the Eduardo Torroja bridge in Posadas (Córdoba, Spain). The results are compared with two different calibrated commercial systems, obtaining an error lower than 1.72% in modal analysis frequencies. The architecture and the results obtained place the presented design as a new solution in the state of the art and, thanks to its autonomy, low cost and the graphical device management interface presented, allow its deployment and integration in the current IoT paradigm.
Implementation and validation of a dual P- and M- class compliant PMU prototype based on the delayed in-quadrature interpolated DFT
(Elsevier, 2024-11) García-Veloso, César; Paolone, Mario; Maza Ortega, José María; Karpilow, Alexandra; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Caixa Catalunya; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
In this paper, the design and experimental validation of a prototype phasor measurement unit (PMU) that simultaneously meets the P and M class requirements of the IEC/IEEE Std 60255-118-1-2018 are presented. The device is based on a synchrophasor estimation (SE) algorithm, previously formulated by the authors, which exploits the generation and use of a delayed in-quadrature complex signal to mitigate the self-interference of the fundamental tone. The method is deployed to a NI CompactRIO-9039 platform, requiring a total use of 19.2% flip-flops, 50.6% LUTs, 77.9% DSPs and 13.7% BRAM for a single-channel configuration and operating under a 50-fps report rate, 50 kHz sampling rate, and three nominal cycle observation windows. A PMU calibrator is used to perform a comprehensive metrological analysis of the device and verify its compliance with the standard. The results show that the prototype meets the requirements of both P and M classes with a worst-case measurement reporting latency of 36.21 ms.
Impact of renewables on the Peruvian electricity system
(Elsevier, 2024-10-15) Fiestas-Chévez, Hugo; Roldán Fernández, Juan Manuel; Trigo García, Ángel Luis; Burgos Payán, Manuel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Junta de Andalucía; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Peru is committed by international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to reduce its Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Although Peru began promoting power plant projects based on renewable energies in 2008, the institutional impulse seems to have ceased today. Nonetheless, adopting renewable energy sources not only aids in fulfilling these commitments but also reduces electricity prices, fostering a more competitive economy. This study aims to provide a thorough analysis and evaluation of the impact that integrating Non-Conventional Renewable Energy Resources (NCRER) has on Peru's wholesale electricity market. Specifically, it focuses on the net total savings for the system, calculated as the difference between the reduction in energy costs traded and the cost of the renewable premium. To reach that goal a simplified yet analytical tool has been developed based on a multivariable regression of the real data of the market. The volume of natural gas not consumed and the volume of GHG emissions avoided will also be evaluated. The results show that based on the 2021 scenario, a NCRER share of 28.26% would lead to a net saving for the final users of 316.04 MUSD in the annual energy traded in the market. The reduction of conventional thermal generation prevents the annual burning of 2.04 normal km3 of natural gas and the emission of 4.99 million tons of CO2-eq. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the impact of NCRER production in the Peruvian electricity system has been quantitatively evaluated.

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