Ponencias (Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/24702

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Architectural photogrammetry applied to the cataloging of historical heritage. A case study of a bunker in La Línea de la Concepción, Spain
(University of Banja Luka, 2024) Martín-Cara, Antonio; Amaro Mellado, José Lázaro; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Ingeniería Gráfica; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Photogrammetry is an emerging tool in architecture, conservation, cataloging, and maintenance of heritage, offering a precise and efficient methodology for generating three-dimensional digital models. This work presents a comparative study of photogrammetric methods, focused on a lowcost software application, with the aim of evaluating its effectiveness in capturing and faithfully representing architectural and cultural elements, such as the bunkers located in La Línea de la Concepción (Spain), where the seismic hazard is not neglectable. The results reveal that the method choice depends on the object being digitized. Some programs are more suitable for capturing fine details, while others excel in reconstructing more complex structures.
Influence of soil to struture interaction in dynamic loading of typical spanish RC residential building from the '60s
(2024) Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Vázquez-Boza, Manuel; Fabra Forján, Jesús; Fernández, Diego Francisco; Montesinos Gañán, Celia; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Andalusia experiences moderate seismic activity due to the convergence of the Eur-asian and African tectonic plates. While significant earthquakes are rare, frequent low-magni-tude tremors necessitate incorporating earthquake engineering into building design to ensure stability and safety. Social housing from the 1960s in Andalusia is particularly vulnerable to seismic activity due to aging structures, outdated construction techniques, and the absence of modern seismic codes. Preserving these buildings offers social, cultural, and economic benefits, including affordable housing, historical significance, and sustainability. Assessing their seis-mic vulnerability requires considering Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI), especially for buildings on soft soils, which amplify ground motion. This study explores the relevance of incorporating SSI in the evaluation of Andalusian social housing, constituting a first step for accurate vulnerability assessment and effective retrofitting strategies to enhance seismic performance. With this aim, a model including structure and soil is created for a representative building of the ‘60s, located in Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz.
Seismic assessment of a UNESCO World Heritage Site the Great Mosque in Córdoba
(2024) Torres, J.M.; Negrette, P.; Garcia, P.; Merino, C.; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
The present work illustrates the seismic assessment of a line of arches in the oldest section of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, using advanced finite-element analysis. Historical structures, often subject to various modifications and insufficient maintenance, pose challenges in predicting their seismic response. Due to the historical and cultural importance of the Great Mosque and the complexity of its seismic behavior, a nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA) is considered the most suitable method for assessment. This paper outlines the steps involved in constructing the numerical model and executing the NLRHA. In particular, the development of tri-directional hazard-specific ground motions adheres to state-of-the-art techniques, and the masonry structure's advanced material model captures relevant failure modes in its seismic response. The results show that the numerical model aligns well with expected failure modes, instilling confidence in the chosen modeling strategy. Furthermore, this study can be seen as a basis for subsequent work to include a more representative portion of the monument and continue gaining insight into its global dynamic response. This is particularly noteworthy considering the consistent structural framework in some parts of the Great Mosque, and the observed advantages of employing sophisticated methods over simpler ones for assessing historical buildings.
Seismic vulnerability assessment of the arch-struture in th historical city of Medina Azahara
(2024) Kroon, Wouter; Esposito, Rita; Sharma, Satya; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Seismic vulnerability assessment of social housing units in Ayamonte (SW Iberian Peninsula)
(2024) Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Baena-Arrabal, Carlos; Alonso-Chaves, Francisco M.; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Ayamonte is a city in the south-western of Iberian peninsula, close to the border with Portugal. It is located in a seismically active region, influenced by the Azores-Gibraltar Trans-form Fault. Some historical events associated with this fault are the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, one of the most devastating shakings in recorded history, which seriously affected Ayamonte: the bell tower of the Parish Church of El Salvador that was destroyed, as well as the temple of San Francisco and the convent of Santa Clara. In addition to this, the city is mainly located on marshland, a soft kind of soil that increases the intensity of the shacking experimented by the buildings through the amplification of the seismic ways as they travel through it. The lack of risk awareness among the population and insufficient preventive measures from institutions further exacerbated the challenge. In some of its neirboughoods, the city's vulnerability to seismic hazards is heightened by the elevated amount of social housing units, characterized by limited budgets, lack of seismic con-siderations, and minimal architectural diversity. Typically housing socially vulnerable resi-dents and facing high population density, these communities are more susceptible to seismic risks, but these factors also contribute to an exponential impact of its seismic vulnerability study and risk mitigation. In the present work, the seismic vulnerability assessment of Ayamonte’s social housing build-ings is undertaken. The foundation of the study involves extensive data collection, utilizing a Geographic Information System (GIS) database created with open sources like the cadastre and Google Maps. The GIS incorporates the characteristics of identified neighborhoods to de-termine building typology. A thorough examination of original drawings, technical specifica-tions, and visual inspections is carried out to extract crucial parameters for understanding the seismic response of each building type. Subsequently, a vulnerability assessment is conducted using the vulnerability index method defined in the European Macro-Seismic approach, modi-fied by the authors to adapt to Spanish post-war construction. The average expected damage state is Moderate to Heavy, which involve important reparations and evacuation of the inhab-itants which could be avoided by preventive and sustainable interventions.
Seismic vulnerability of a '60s representative social housing type in Malaga Spain
(2024) Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Vázquez Vicente, Enrique; Sillero-Ruz, Antonia; Ponce Parra, Hermes; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Forecasting future earthquake losses in hazardous zones is a multifaceted challenge, necessitating an evaluation of site-specific seismic hazards and an analysis of building vulner-ability in exposed areas. Assessing the seismic vulnerability of each individual structure within a city would demand impractical resources. Consequently, contemporary methodologies rely on the assumption that the attributes and performance of any given building can be approxi-mated by response of a standard structure representing a specific building type. In the context of the social housing complexes constructed in southern Spain during the mid-20th century, this approach is particularly pertinent. Many social housing units were built using similar structures, lacking seismic provisions, not only within the same cluster but also across different regions. These buildings can be divided in few typologies with very little variation. An study on the vulnerability of any of those typologies would be easily extrapolated to extensive exposed areas. This study focuses on medium-rise reinforced concrete apartment buildings, which is found to be one of the prevalent social housing typologies in the region. Computational parametrical modelling is used, first to create a basic model representing the general typology employing Rhino + GrassHopper. Then, this model is adapted to a specific building, located in the city of Málaga. This buildings’ original drawings are retrieved from the Municipal Archive and ana-lised in depth. The main seismic deficiencies of it are highlighted and its geometry, loads and materials are identified and used for the implementation of the specific numerical model. A preliminary seismic analysis is performed on this model using the FEA software RFEM 6. Both the desk study and the numerical analysis point out the vulnerability of the building, and more in-depth analysis are prescribed.
Seismic vulnerability preliminary assessment of southern Spain social housing from 1965 to 1975
(2024) Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Pineda Palomo, Paloma; Dianez, S.; Giraldez, L.M.; Baena, C.; Vázquez-Boza, Manuel; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
During the ‘50s and ‘60s of the 20 th century, due to an ongoing re-industrialization process of the country after the civil war, Spain experienced a huge flow of population from the rural areas to the main cities, especially in the southern provinces of Andalusia, which is a moderate seismic region. A great number of social housing dwellings was built, with low budgets and without any seismic considerations. The resulting buildings usually form entire neighbourhoods in previously undeveloped parts of the cities and show little variability in terms of architectural typologies. They usually pair with socially vulnerable inhabitants and a high population density. All these factors contribute to the seismic vulnerability of these communities, but also to an exponential impact of their seismic vulnerability study and risk mitigation. Although the Iberian Peninsula is characterized by moderate seismic activity, the hazard in the southern provinces of Andalusia cannot be neglected. In this area, the hazard is characterized by high magnitude earthquakes (such as Lisbon 1755) but also by long return periods, which contribute to the lack of risk awareness among the population, and to insufficient preventive plans from the institutions. In this work, a first step in the seismic vulnerability mitigation of these buildings is performed, focusing on one specific city in the south of Spain: Huelva. After performing an extensive data collection, a Geographic Information System (GIS) database is created, using open data sources like the cadastre or Google Maps. The relevant neighbourhoods are identified, and their general features are included: date of construction, main architect, average family income, density of population, quality of the construction, number of floors, volumetric typology, seismic microzoning, etc. The original plans and technical specifications are studied in depth, obtaining key parameters that are directly related to the seismic response of the buildings: structural system, materials, main design deficiencies such as soft soil or short columns, and so on. The GIS is then updated and employed for a preliminary determination of the buildings’ vulnerability, which takes into account all the parameters described above. This first stage is crucial not only to perform a reliable seismic vulnerability analysis, but also to identify both parameters and singularities that could be extrapolated for the assessment of similar locations and/or constructions.
Seismic vulnerability of a 1950s-1960s representative social housing type in sourthern Spain
(2024) Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Quezada, M.; Vázquez Vicente, Enrique; Morales-Ramirez, A.; Pineda Palomo, Paloma; Escolano, D.; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Predicting future losses due to earthquakes in hazardous regions is always a complex problem, that requires an estimation of the seismic hazard in site and a vulnerability analysis of the exposed building stock. Evaluating the seismic vulnerability of every single building in a city would require an unaffordable number of resources. Therefore, the state-of-the-art methodologies nowadays assume that the characteristics and performance of any individual building in the area under study can be represented by the fragility curve of a benchmark structure that represents a determined building typology. In the case of the housing clusters built in the south of Spain during the 50s, 60s and 70s of last century, this is particularly relevant since a great number of social housing dwellings were built following a similar structure which was repeated not only in the same cluster but in different regions, and which accounts for no seismic provisions. Hence, determining the fragility curve of this typology would allow to determine the seismic vulnerability of vast exposed areas. This paper concentrates in medium rise reinforced concrete apartment buildings, which constitute one of the most representative housing types in the region. Numerical models are used to determine the probability of exceeding a damage level given a pseudo acceleration. This damage level is determined based on the observed inter-storey drift. The resultant fragility curve of this typical housing cluster could be used as a benchmark for future loss estimation and risk assessment studies.
Experimental Calibrated Model of a Walking Human on the UniOvi Footbridge
(Springer Nature, 2025) Francisco-Fernández, Diego; García-Diéguez, Marta; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Current methods to assess the vibration serviceability of footbridges often overlook complexities of the pedestrian-structure interaction. This may result in a discrepancy between predicted and actual structural responses, and cause comfort problems or even structural failure. This study aims to model and calibrate the interaction using high-quality experimental data. Tests involved an average pedestrian walking at a regular pace on the UniOvi laboratory footbridge. This facility features a mechanism that allows easy variation of the footbridge’s mass and stiffness, enabling the study of the system’s vertical vibration across a range of natural frequencies. The footbridge is modelled as a single degree of freedom system that describes its principal vibration mode, and the pedestrian as a single degree of freedom linear oscillator. The dynamic properties of both the structure and the pedestrian are calibrated in the time domain based on the footbridge’s response from free vibration tests. The properties are then fitted to polynomials that depend on the footbridge’s natural frequency. The resulting two degree of freedom model is employed to obtain the structural response spectrum as a function of its natural frequency, which is validated near resonance through data acquired on steady state tests. The validation suggests the model is suitable for reproducing the footbridge’s response.
Seismic vulnerability assessment of social housing units in Cádiz (Spain): exposure database
(2025) Bilbao-Marcos, Daniel; Romero-Sánchez, Juan; Dianez-Santos, Sara; Schmidt, Víctor; Pellicer-García, Miguel; Irizarry, Janira; Marcau-Roig, Albert; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
Cádiz, a historic city in southwestern Spain, sits on a narrow peninsula extending into the Gulf of Cádiz. Like other cities along the Iberian Peninsula’s southwestern coast, it is influenced by the Azores-Gibraltar Transform Fault, a source of significant seismic activity. A notable event was the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which caused a tsunami that severely damaged Cádiz’s coastal defences, including the Puerta de Tierra, and affected many buildings. In some areas, the city’s vulnerability to seismic hazards is heightened by the large number of social housing units, which typically feature limited budgets, lack of seismic design, and minimal architectural diversity. These neighbourhoods, often home to socially vulnerable residents with high popu-lation density, are more prone to seismic risks. Additionally, Cádiz's location on alluvial soil, close to the coast, amplifies seismic waves, leading to more intense shaking. In the present work, a first step in the study of the seismic vulnerability of Cadiz’s social housing buildings is undertaken, by creating a georeferenced exposure database. The foundation of the study in-volves extensive data collection, utilizing a Geographic Information System (GIS) database created with open sources like the cadastre and Google Maps. The GIS incorporates the char-acteristics of identified neighbourhoods to determine building typology. A thorough examina-tion of original drawings, technical specifications, and visual inspections is carried out to extract crucial parameters for understanding the seismic response of each building type.
Are minimum indoor air quality requirements combined with passive retrofit solutions enough to guarantee thermal comfort in southern Spain High Schools?
(2025) Calama-González, Carmen María; Escandón Ramírez, Rocío; Suárez, Rafael; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno; Construcciones Arquitectónicas I; TEP999: HABITAE: Habitabilidad, Acondicionamiento y Energía en Arquitectura
This study addresses the challenging research gap of assessing whether passive energy retrofit solutions are adequate for simultaneously achieving indoor air quality and thermal comfort in educational buildings, given the minimum ventilation rate required by Spanish regulations. A representative educational building is selected as case study to simulate the performance of the existing high school stock in southern Spain. Then, a multi-objective optimisation approach based on NSGA-II genetic algorithms is used for the evaluation of a range of passive energy retrofit strategies, with the aim of identifying the most effective. The findings indicate that, even though the minimum ventilation rate ensure indoor air quality, it is ineffective to maintain thermal comfort. This study highlights a clear overheating problem, especially in summer, that is aggravated when incorporating insulation to the envelope, given the high internal loads and the difficulty of heat dissipation of the envelope. It is concluded that optimising ventilation according to the seasonal period and applying higher ventilation rates than the ones established in the applicable regulations are crucial for reaching both indoor air quality and thermal comfort only considering passive retrofit solutions.
Assessing overheating and undercooling risks in existing public secondary schools in Mediterranean climate
(IOP Publishing, 2024) Calama-González, Carmen María; Escandón Ramírez, Rocío; Llanos-Jiménez, Jesús; Suárez, Rafael; Construcciones Arquitectónicas I; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno; Junta de Andalucía; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España; TEP130: Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Sostenibilidad: Acústica, Iluminación, Óptica y Energía
During the last years, there has been a significant increase in temperatures, as well as in the intensity and duration of heatwaves due to climate change, which noticeably affects summer, but also winter conditions. Thus, assessing overheating and undercooling risks in the existing stock is of the utmost importance, especially in highly occupied educational buildings with natural ventilation systems. These risks do not only affect students' thermal comfort but their health and academic performance. Besides, COVID-19 has highlighted the energy vulnerability of schools and the complexity to adopt adequate strategies to enhance indoor environmental quality. To assess overheating and undercooling risks in educational buildings in southern Spain, a parameterized and validated building simulation model has been constructed from a representative school using monitored data. Through sensitivity analysis techniques, the most critical variables on adaptive thermal comfort in summer and winter have been determined. The study highlights the difficulty of guaranteeing a balance between indoor air quality and thermal comfort, since not only infiltration and ventilation rate have a key impact on thermal comfort, but also and more importantly ventilation schedules. These conclusions are vital to propose retrofit strategies to mitigate climate change while tackling undercooling, using parameterized building-archetype models, which allow to simulate other representative case studies in the area.
Spatio-temporal prediction surface displacement in urban underground excavation: a case study in Seville
(Scipedia, 2024) Bahri, Maziyar; Mascort-Albea, Emilio J.; Romero-Hernández, Rocío; Soriano-Cuesta, Cristina; Jaramillo-Morilla, Antonio; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno; TEP018: Ingeniería del Terreno
One of the primary challenges in excavating underground in urban areas is controlling and mitigating ground surface displacement caused by Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) tunneling. It is crucial to avoid damaging historical monuments and buildings in these areas. This paper presents a new method for predicting the surface displacement caused by EPB in Seville. A spatiotemporal dataset was generated for this study using numerical simulation in FLAC3D. The simulation replicates the excavation process of the Seville metro line in real-time, and records the surface displacements at selected points in the dataset. The last 20-time steps of excavation are predicted, and the first 80-time steps are chosen for training and tuning hyperparameters, as the dataset is spatiotemporal. A recurrent neural network (RNN) is used to detect and predict patterns between surface displacement and input features at different time steps and locations of the excavation. After fine-tuning the RNN, the model achieved an accuracy of 0.91 for the evaluated R-squared (R2), indicating its practicality for real-time prediction of surface displacement in underground excavations in Seville. The model's performance can be further improved with a larger data range. By deploying it as a hazard detector, the model can issue a warning if the ground displacement exceeds the limit, thereby preventing potential hazards. This approach can help control and mitigate potential hazards in underground excavations in historical cities.
The shell structures of the Baroque
(WIT Press, 2003) Escrig Pallarés, José Felix; Compán Cardiel, Víctor Jesús; Sánchez Sánchez, José; Pérez Valcárcel, Juan; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno; TEP114: Tecnología Arquitectónica
The Baroque has been traditionally a style minimized by its tendency to decoration and its lack of the systematic. Gradually it has left demonstrating that this was a prejudice and that the architectural values were of first magnitude, comparable to the biggest landmarks of classic styles. As for the structural aspects we want to demonstrate that they overcome to as much as it was made previously by their space wealth, their economy of means and the intelligence of their solutions. Somehow they represent an antecedent of the shell architecture that so much it would make an exhibition with the Reinforced Concrete and the analytic techniques of dimensioning. With less means but with great intuition, the Baroque, invented forms of a complexity that today is still difficult to understand, at least geometrically. Paradoxically there are no investigations that help us to clarify the structural miracle of the Baroque since up to now it has been in historians' hands and not those of architects or engineers. This article tries to open the road in this unexplored field.
The SMA properties in civil engineering applications. The SMARTeR project: Use of SMA in damping of stayed cables for bridges
(EDP Sciences, 2009) Torra Ferre, Vicenç; Isalgué Buxeda, Antonio; Carreras, G.; Lovey, Francisco C.; Soul, H.; Terriault, Patrick; Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno; Šittner, Petr; Paidar, Václav; Heller, Luděk; Seiner, Hanuš; TEP107: Estructuras y Geotecnia
One of the classical applications of the SMA is based on the used of the hysteresis cycle associated to the martensitic transformation (classically, described as a first order phase transition) for damping devices. For each application a detailed knowledge of the conditions to be accomplished by the material is absolutely necessary. For the stayed cables in bridges of the Iroise bridge, the oscillation frequencies are 1 and 3 Hz; and the peak to peak oscillation amplitude is close to 10 cm and, also, the SMA works in close contact with the external ambient temperature. In fact, the bridge is a 2*2 lanes free highway situated between Brest and Plougastel (France). The main requirement is related to several days of intense winds or rain associated to strong storms. The conditions imposed to the samples suggest appropriate behavior for, at least, 500000 cycles of working. The experimental analysis, centered in NiTi, is focused in 1) the fatigue life of the samples, 2) the evaluation of the Clausius-Clapeyron coefficient, 3) assuring that the degradation of the material properties remains below a safety limit in the expected time scale of application, 4) modeling the cable behavior to show the positive damping capacity of SMA and 5) studying the applications in semi-realistic scale in the ELSA-JRC (a civil engineering facility in Ispra, Italy) demonstrating the positive effect of the SMA.
Preserving the Great Mosque of Cordoba (Spain): a preliminary mechanical characterization of its original natural stone
(MDPI, 2023-10-24) Zapico Blanco, Beatriz; Rodríguez Mariscal, José Daniel; Zapata Rodríguez, Elena; Romero Arroyo, José Antonio; Fernández Ancio, Fernando; Solís Muñiz, Mario; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno; Mecánica de Medios Continuos y Teoría de Estructuras; TEP107: Estructuras y Geotecnia; TEP963: Ingeniería de Estructuras y Materiales; TEP245: Ingeniería de las Estructuras
The Mosque of Cordoba (Spain) is an emblem of the rich cultural heritage of Western Andalusia. This research focuses on the mechanical characterization of the natural stone used in the building. Determining its properties is crucial to understanding the structural behaviour of the entire building. An experimental campaign with various mechanical tests, such as density, compression, indirect tensile, and bending tests, was conducted on more than 100 cubic and prismatic specimens obtained from the main quarry that supplies material for the mosque’s restoration. The results indicated the stone’s isotropic behaviour for the studied properties. Further analysis established correlations between compressive strength (averaging 6 MPa) and other mechanical properties. This preliminary characterization provides valuable information for future in situ testing and more sophisticated lab techniques.
Geodetic fundamentals in the development of a voxel model for the subsoil of the city of Sevilla (Spain)
(Science and Technology Publications, 2024) Fuls, Andreas; Mascort-Albea, Emilio J.; Hidalgo Sánchez, Francisco Manuel; Kada, Martin; Soriano-Cuesta, Cristina; Romero-Hernández, Rocío; Jaramillo-Morilla, Antonio; Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno; Grueau, Cédric; Rodrigues, Armanda; Ragia, Lemonia; Universidad de Sevilla; TEP018: Ingeniería del Terreno
Current global challenges require a better understanding of the subsoil to optimise underground resources and plan for sustainable development. This is a key issue in anthropised metropolitan environments, where the high density of elements makes difficult to gain knowledge of this reality. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enables spatial management and visualisation of the underground data obtained from geotechnical surveys. The creation of 3D models in voxel format constitutes a pioneering and relevant line of research. This paper evaluates the main factors resulting from the integration of different topographic sources at a territorial level for the creation of surface models that efficiently adjust the geotechnical data collected, which usually lacks global height values. This task involved designing a coordinate system and a reference grid, as well as adjusting elevation data for the selected study case: the metropolitan area of Sevilla, Spain.
The restoration of San Pedro cliff at La Alhambra
(IOS Press, 2005) Justo Alpañés, José Luis de; Saura Martínez, Juan Francisco; Vázquez-Boza, Manuel; Durand Neyra, Percy; Justo Alpañés, Enrique; Azañón Hernández, José Miguel; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
San Pedro cliff is a dihedral 65.5 m high, which has progressed to place itself at 23.8 m from the Alhambra wall-palace that is a heritage of the Humankind. A deep research on the Tectonics of the z.one, and an insight into the topographic measurements taken during several years, has shown that active normal faults surrounding the cliff have created an extension tectonic regime that loosens the ground and activates the ground falls. One major fault coincides with one of the faces of the dihedral. The factor of safety of the cliff subject to the 100 years period earthquake is O.73. The preservation solution proposed is a post-tensioned high elastic limit wire mesh and autochthonous vegetation. With this reinforcement, the factor of safety lmder that earthquake mises to a value around one. Inthis way, the environmental impact is negligble.
Prediction and performance for the foundation of a 40-storied tower in Tenerife Island
(IOS Press, 2005) Justo Alpañés, José Luis de; Justo Alpañés, Enrique; Durand Neyra, Percy; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
A tower, 114.2 m high, has been successfully ended at Tenerife Island. The ground is mainly made up of fractured and weathered lava flows, alternating with scoria, which present cavities of variable size. The installation of rod extensometers at different depths below the foundation slab and clinometers has permitted a comparison between measured and calculated displacements, and the estimate of in situ moduli. A first class prediction (before construction) has allowed establishment of an upper and a lower limit for the settlements of the tower slab. The measured settlement is near the geometric mean of these values.
Ground improvement and reinforcement in four dikes on soft soil
(International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2005) Justo Alpañés, José Luis de; Durand Neyra, Percy; Soriano Cuesta, Cristina; Saura Martínez, Juan; Marco, José Manuel; Estructuras de Edificación e Ingeniería del Terreno
The final stretch of the Low Guadalquivir Canal includes an irrigation control pond, closed by four homogeneous embankments, three of which are placed on marshland. Figure 2 shows the final design that incorporates the following elements: a geotextile with a stiffness of 8333 kPa at the base, band shaped drains and upper sand blankets, a chimney drain and widened berms. During 1157 days measurements have been taken at topographical stakes, settlement plates, piezometers and inclinometers placed within and below the embankments. Several rheological models have been employed to interpret the measured displacements and pore pressures.

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