Artículos (Física de la Materia Condensada)

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Test–Retest Reliability of a Computerized Hand–Eye Coordination Task
(MDPI, 2025-10-14) Ríder-Vázquez, Antonio; Gutiérrez Sánchez, Estanislao; Martínez Pérez, Clara; Sánchez González, María del Carmen; Cirugía; Física de la Materia Condensada
Background: Hand–eye coordination is essential for daily functioning and sports perfor- mance, but standardized digital protocols for its reliable assessment are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the intra-examiner repeatability and inter-examiner reproducibility of a computerized protocol (COI-SV®) for assessing hand–eye coordination in healthy adults, as well as the influence of age and sex. Methods: Seventy-eight adults completed four sessions of a computerized visual–motor task requiring rapid and accurate responses to randomly presented targets. Accuracy and response times were analyzed using repeated- measures and reliability analyses. Results: Accuracy showed a small session effect and minor examiner differences on the first day, whereas response times were consistent across sessions. Men generally responded faster than women, and response times increased slightly with age. Overall, reliability indices indicated moderate-to-good repeatability and reproducibility for both accuracy and response time measures. Conclusions: The COI-SV® protocol provides a robust, objective, and reproducible measurement of hand–eye coordination, supporting its use in clinical, sports, and research settings.
Green exfoliation of 2D nanomaterials using Cyrene as a solvent
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025-10-14) Moreira, Pedro; Calmeiro, Tomás; Nunes, Daniela; Carvalho, David; Kelly, Adam; Águas, Hugo; Fortunato, Elvira; Martins, Rodrigo; Vaz Pinto, Joana; Coelho, João; Carlos, Emanuel; Física de la Materia Condensada; FCT—Fundaçao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia; Junta de Andalucía; European Union (UE)
Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) is a versatile and scalable method for producing high-quality two-dimensional materials (2DMs). However, commonly used solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) are highly toxic, limiting their potential for large-scale industrial applications. In this study, we address this challenge using Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone), a nontoxic and biodegradable solvent, for the exfoliation of several materials, including graphene, MoS2, WS2, MoO3, V2O5, and hBN (hexagonal boron nitride). Exfoliation was carried out using low-powered bath sonication, a cost effective and energy efficient method and optimization was conducted to maximize the final concentration of exfoliated material. To assess the potential of Cyrene for LPE, extensive characterization and comparison of the produced 2DMs with their precursors was performed. The highest ink concentrations were observed for MoS2 (2.6 mg mL−1), followed by hBN (2.3 mg mL−1) and V2O5 (1.9 mg mL−1), demonstrating the ability of Cyrene to effectively stabilize a variety of 2D materials in dispersion. Structural and morphological properties of the exfoliated materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). XRD patterns mainly showed only one reflection revealing the oriented nature of the materials, with significant broadening of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) compared to the original materials. Also, Raman spectroscopy spectra for graphene showed ratios characteristic of multi-layered structures and SEM imaging revealed a broad distribution of flake sizes. This work highlights the potential of Cyrene as a sustainable and efficient solvent for LPE of diverse 2D materials. The systematic optimization method presented here achieves high dispersion concentrations in a repeatable manner using low-power and ecofriendly means. These findings establish a foundation for the scalable production of 2D inks, enabling their use in advanced applications such as electrode, dielectric and semiconductor layers of electronic devices.
Tecnecio: el metal que todos buscaban
(Real Sociedad Española de Química La revista de la Real Sociedad Española de Química, 2025-06-30) González Galán, Carmen; Romero-Muñiz, Carlos; Física de la Materia Condensada
El tecnecio (Tc), cuyo número atómico es 43, es un elemento metálico de la tabla periódica que pertenece al grupo 7 y al periodo 5. No fue identificado correctamente hasta 1937 cuando Carlo Perrier y Emilio Segre lo caracterizaron como resultado de reacciones nucleares del recién inventado ciclotrón. Posee una química rica y versátil ya que forma multitud de compuestos y complejos especialmente con estado de oxidación +7. Su principal uso actual es en imagen médica, concretamente en tomografía y gammagrafía, donde se usa el isótopo 99mTc. También se emplea en la fabricación de aleaciones y como catalizador. A pesar de ser considerado un elemento sintético, en realidad puede encontrarse en la naturaleza en concentraciones muy pequeñas.
Resonant Cavity Effect for Spectrally Tunable and Efficient Narrowband Perovskite Photodetectors
(ACS, 2025-07-21) Ooi, Zher Ying; Vega Morrone, Guadalupe; Lai, May Ching; Jiménez Solano, Alberto; Huang, Chieh-Szu; Wang, Hao; Liu, Tianjun; Gałkowski, Krzysztof; Nowak, Michał P.; Cheng, Qixiang; Ducati, Caterina; Carretero-Palacios, Sol; Kahmann, Simon; Stranks, Samuel D.; Anaya Martín, Miguel; Física de la Materia Condensada; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Narrowband photodetectors with precise spectral control offer significant potential for applications such as color imaging and machine vision. However, existing demonstrations have encountered challenges due to restricted absorption, the need for additional filters, or the inclusion of thick absorbing layers to facilitate charge collection filtering mechanisms. These constraints have resulted in suboptimal detectivity, inadequate color control, or slow response. Here, we exploit cavity resonance enhancement to demonstrate a highly spectral selective and robust perovskite photodetector, showing 2.4-fold EQE enhancement at the main narrowband peak with respect to a broadband photodetector counterpart of the same perovskite thickness. This device architecture achieves peak external quantum efficiency of 80%, responsivity of 0.41 A W–1, and detectivity of 3.7 × 1011 Jones at the main narrowband peak, with a secondary signal below 450 nm that can be mitigated with advanced photonic crystal as proposed. Additionally, the resonant cavity-enhanced photodetector offers a rapid switching of 0.9 μs and low noise of 0.57 pW Hz–1/2. Our demonstration shows precise tuning of the main narrowband photodetection characteristics across a 100 nm spectral range by simply varying the thickness of the perovskite layer, ensuring device efficiency and stability across the wavelength region around 560 to 660 nm, where most perovskite devices suffer from degradation due to halide segregation. This work demonstrates the practical integration of resonant cavity enhancement in perovskite photodetectors and paves the way for high-performance optical sensing, multispectral imaging, and wavelength-selective photonic devices.
Porous Cu thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering using helium as depositing gas
(Elsevier, 2025-10-23) Arzac Di Tomaso, Gisela Mariana; López Viejobueno, Jennifer; Calvo, Mauricio E.; Ferrer Fernández, Francisco Javier; Fortio Godinho, Vanda Cristina; Hufschmidt, Dirk; Jiménez de Haro, María del Carmen; Ramírez Rico, Joaquín; Varela, Francisco; Fernández, Asunción; Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear; Física de la Materia Condensada; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España
In this work, porous copper thin films were prepared by magnetron sputtering (MS) deposition using helium as the process gas. Electron microscopy techniques were used to study the shape, size, amount and distribution of the pores. Working under direct current (DC) or radiofrequency (RF) conditions, enabled to achieve respectively a dense porous or an open porous columnar microstructure. At the nanoscopic level a characteristic solid-gas nanocomposite structure was also produced in both films. Spherical and faceted nano-bubbles filled with helium, with a size range of 1–22 nm and a uniform distribution across the entire thickness were visualized. RF conditions allowed higher gas loading, achieving up to 6.2 at.% He preferentially occluded in smaller pores. Characterization revealed that the RF-deposited copper (Cu) film is oxidised to a greater depth than the DCdeposited film, forming a thicker copper oxide(s) layer. This phenomenon can be attributed to the open porous nanostructure of the former. The results presented herein improve our understanding of MS deposition of copper with helium as process gas and pave the way for designing a wide range of materials with applications in the field of fusion reactors, (electro)catalysis, photocatalysis, fuel cells, electronics and the fabrication of negative crystals.
Compositional limit between the formation of a high entropy alloy and intermetallic compounds in MnCoFeGe(Si) alloys obtained by mechanical alloying
(Elsevier, 2025-12-15) Vidal Crespo, Antonio; Ipus Bados, Jhon Jairo; Blázquez Gámez, Javier Sebastián; Física de la Materia Condensada; Universidad de Sevilla
A single BCC solid solution was formed after thermal treatment of an amorphous precursor MnCo0.8Fe0.2Ge0.5 obtained by mechanical alloying, demonstrating the formation of high entropy alloys (HEAs) beyond conventional thermodynamic stability criteria. Although X-ray diffraction analysis shows no changes in phase identification, Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements of thermally treated samples reveal a strong dependence of the local environment of Fe atoms on the thermal treatment conditions. These results suggest the coexistence of disordered BCC and ordered B2 structures. The addition of Si to these systems leads to the formation of intermetallic compounds, including the coexistence of austenite and martensite. The MnCo0.8Fe0.2Ge0.5Six series (x = 0, 0.25 and 0.50) was studied, establishing the compositional limit between the formation of a high entropy alloy and intermetallic phases in the range 0.25 < x < 0.50.
Plasmonic nanoparticles boost low-current perovskite LEDs governed by photon recycling effects
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025-09-08) Bueno, Jaime; Jiménez Solano, Alberto; Anaya Martín, Miguel; Carretero Palacios, Sol; Física de la Materia Condensada; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Union (UE)
Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have emerged as a promising technology for next-generation display and lighting applications, thanks to their remarkable colour purity, tunability, and ease of fabrication. In this work, we explore the incorporation of plasmonic spherical nanoparticles (NPs) directly embedded into the green-emitting CsPbBr3 perovskite layer in a PeLED as a strategy to enhance both its optical and electrical properties. We find that plasmonic effects directly boost spontaneous emission while also influencing charge carrier recombination dynamics. We present a rigorous theoretical electro-optical analysis to systematically investigate the impact of NP metal, size, and concentration on device performance, with particular emphasis on the role of photon recycling (PR). Our results demonstrate that embedding carefully designed silver (Ag) NPs, selected through rigorous theoretical modelling, into PeLEDs leads to enhanced device performance across a wide range of operating currents. Notably, we observe a 4-fold improvement in external quantum efficiency (EQE) at injection currents as low as 0.02 mA cm−2, and a 2-fold enhancement at 0.2 mA cm−2, attributed to increased radiative recombination. Furthermore, results suggest improved efficiency retention at higher injection levels, pointing to reduced current roll-off limitations and extended high-brightness operation. Additionally, PR plays a crucial role in mitigating optical losses and improving outcoupling efficiency, especially in plasmonic-enhanced systems, where scattering effects increase the prevalence of trapping states. These findings open up exciting possibilities for devices requiring energy-efficient, compact, and high-performance light sources, such as portable electronics and low-power displays.
Metal-organic frameworks as potential materials for X-ray detectors: recent progress and unique opportunities
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025-07-08) Salway, Hayden; Chua, Xian Wei; Anaya Martín, Miguel; Física de la Materia Condensada; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK); Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Union (UE)
X-ray detectors and scintillators play a crucial role in society, with extensive applications in scientific research, security, manufacturing quality control, and medical imaging, including general radiography, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. With aging populations globally, the demand for medical imaging is steadily growing, necessitating accessible and affordable X-ray technologies that can provide higher image quality with minimal radiation dosage. Existing commercial technologies possess several drawbacks, including slow response times, poor radioluminescence efficiencies, limited tunability range of X-ray energies, and reliance on costly and energy-intensive production processes. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted attention as promising materials for a new generation of X-ray detectors and scintillators that can revolutionise low-dose and high-throughput medical and security imaging and enable unique applications. In this work, we discuss the underlying mechanisms and recent progress made in MOF-based X-ray detectors and scintillators, and examine their unique potential to outperform existing technologies. This review delves into the advancements of metal organic framework X-ray detectors, exploring their fundamental mechanisms, current performance metrics, and highlighting the unique opportunities MOFs provide to surpass the limitations of existing technologies and create new applications. Future research endeavours in the wider scientific community will persist in pushing the boundaries of sensitivity, leading to improved image clarity and decreased radiation exposure for patients, with MOF’s chemical versatility providing substantial promise for developing the next generation of X-ray detectors. In this work, we first provide an overview of current state-of-the-art MOF X-ray detector performances in terms of key figures of merit. Furthermore, we discuss methods used to enhance performance in MOF detectors and their scalability into full-imaging arrays. The review then expands on the unique multi-functionality of MOFs which promises utility in various fields, including bioimaging, drug delivery and radioactive gas detection, alongside classical applications in medical and security imaging. The advancement of economical manufacturing methods and morphological adaptability of MOFs will also play a crucial role in meeting the increasing demand for imaging, making vital healthcare and security X-ray technologies more accessible to society.
Magnetocaloric effect of Ce(La)In2 alloys near hydrogen condensation point
(Elsevier, 2025-03-12) Moreno Ramírez, Luis Miguel; Rojas, Daniel P.; Espeso, José I.; Rodríguez Fernández, Jesús; Franco García, Victorino; Física de la Materia Condensada
Gas liquefiers allow efficient transport and storage of gases, key for the development of new energy vectors such as hydrogen fuel. In this sense, magnetic liquefiers based on the magnetocaloric effect are an energy-saving and sustainable alternative to current systems based on the Joule-Thomson expansion. Here, we report the magnetocaloric effect of light rare-earth-based Ce(La)In2 alloys near the hydrogen condensation point. They exhibit a first-order ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition with reduced thermal hysteresis (0.05 K) and moderate criticality compared to their heavy rare-earth-based counterparts. Both isothermal entropy change, and adiabatic entropy change have been indirectly determined from heat capacity measurements. A previously developed method based on low-temperature truncation of heat capacity data was applied for those calculations, accounting for 8% underestimation of the maximum values as well as possible misinterpretations of the results in the paramagnetic range. The parent CeIn2 alloy shows an isothermal entropy change of 9.5 J/(kg·K) and an adiabatic temperature change of 2.8 K for a magnetic field change of 5 T. The substitution of Ce by La leads to a slight decrease of the transition temperature in the explored range together with a significant reduction of the magnetocaloric magnitudes: about −1.0 J/(kg·K) and about −0.2 K per atom fraction of La for the isothermal entropy and adiabatic temperature changes for 5 T, respectively.
Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Saccadic Eye Movement Time Test
(MDPI, 2025-10-11) Ríder Vázquez, Antonio; Gutiérrez Sánchez, Estanislao; Velasco Olea, Daniel; Martínez Pérez, Clara; Sánchez González, María del Carmen; Física de la Materia Condensada; Cirugía
Background/Objectives: Reliable and objective assessment of saccadic duration is crucial in sports vision, yet standardized clinical tools remain scarce; therefore, this study evaluated the intraobserver and interobserver repeatability of saccadic time measurements using COI-SV® software, and analyzed the influence of age and sex. Methods: Saccadic duration was assessed in 78 participants using a 20/40 Snellen letter stimulus appearing in four as recorded. General mean values (total, vertical, horizontal, short, long, and ratios) were calculated. Repeatability was evaluated through a protocol of four test repetitions (two intrasession and two intersession with different examiners). ANCOVA and Pearson correlation assessed sex and age effects. Repeatability indices and Bland–Altman plots were used to determine agreement. Results: Regarding sex, there were no significant differences between men and women. Saccadic duration showed a direct relationship with age (p < 0.05), indicating that older participants had worse saccadic time values (longer times). Overall, intraexaminer repeatability was poor, whereas interexaminer reproducibility was between fair and good. Bland–Altman analysis showed limits of agreement ranging from −159.0 to 220.3 milliseconds (ms) for specific time values and from −87.0 to 122.52 ms for general values, which may be useful in clinical practice. Conclusions: The study shows that the COI-SV® software provides moderate to good interexaminer reliability and poor to acceptable intraexaminer repeatability of saccadic duration measurements, indicating that further refinement and validation are needed before considering clinical implementation
Reactive Ultra-fast High-temperature Sintering (UHS) of alumina from boehmite
(Elsevier, 2025-12) Rivero Antúnez, Pedro; Guo, Zonghao; Todd, Richard; Morales Flórez, Víctor; Física de la Materia Condensada; Junta de Andalucía
This work explores the consolidation of alumina via an innovative procedure: the reactive Ultra-fast High- temperature Sintering (r-UHS) from boehmite precursors. The method exploits Joule heating to achieve rapid densification without applied pressure and using extremely low-cost equipment. Crystallographic analysis reveals the phase evolution from 𝛾-AlOOH to 𝛾-Al2O3 at 730 ◦C, and to fully crystallized 𝛼-Al2O3 above 1300 ◦C after 30 s. Densification up to 93% relative density was achieved in just 60 s at 1800 ◦C, with longer dwell times showing negligible improvement. The formation of a fully sintered surface shell hinders densification, suggesting that higher densities may be achievable with optimized heating schedules. The resulting samples show competitive hardness and structural homogeneity. Unlike flash sintering, r-UHS does not require stringent electrical contact, offering a scalable and robust route for fast advanced ceramic fabrication. Its simplicity, speed, low energy demand, and minimal equipment cost highlight its viability for alumina manufacturing.
Water-resistant hybrid perovskite solar cell - drop triboelectric energy harvester
(Elsevier, 2026) Núñez Gálvez, Fernando; García Casas, Xabier; Contreras-Bernal, Lidia; Descalzo Ruiz, Alejandro; Obrero-Pérez, José Manuel; Castillo Seoane, Javier; Ginés Arteaga, Antonio José; Leger, Gildas; Sánchez López, Juan Carlos; Espinós, Juan P.; Barranco, Ángel; Borrás, Ana; Sánchez Valencia, Juan Ramón; López Santos, Carmen; Física Aplicada I; Química Física; Física de la Materia Condensada; Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España
Hybrid energy-harvesting systems that combine perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with drop-driven triboelectric nanogenerators (D-TENGs) offer a compelling solution for continuous power generation under diverse weather conditions. Yet, the inherent vulnerability of halide perovskites to moisture and environmental stressors remains a critical barrier to their widespread deployment. To overcome this bottleneck, we introduce plasma-deposited fluorinated polymers (CFₓ) films as multifunctional encapsulation layers that simultaneously provide water resistance, triboelectric functionality, and optical transparency (>90 %). Plasma deposition enables conformal, room temperature, and solvent-free coating of complex surfaces, ensuring uniform protection without compromising photovoltaic performance. After encapsulation of PSCs with CFx films, power conversion efficiency remained virtually unchanged, and champion cells preserved a PCE of 17.9 %. More importantly, the devices exhibited high environmental stability, retaining over 50 % of their initial PCE for 10 days under high humidity and temperature. Furthermore, CFx layers enabled Spiro-OMeTAD compatibility with commercial UV-curable resins, leading to a thin-film hybrid PSC/D-TENG device capable of simultaneous solar and rain energy harvesting. This device maintained 80 % of its initial performance after 300 h of continuous illumination under humid conditions and demonstrated stability under continuous dripping and illumination for more than 5 h. We demonstrated that optimizing the chemical composition of CFx layers significantly enhances their triboelectric performance. In standalone operation, the optimized CFₓ-based D-TENG, enriched with 36.4 % of (CF2 + CF3) functional species, delivered open-circuit voltage peaks up to 110 V and a maximum power density of ∼4 mW/cm2 under rainwater droplets, while retaining over 85 % of its initial output after more than 17,000 droplet impacts. As a proof of concept, using the same CFx layer for both encapsulation and triboelectric functionality, the hybrid PSC/D-TENG device achieved short-circuit current densities of 11.6 mA/cm2 under 0.5 sun illumination and peak voltages of 12 V per raindrop, enabling simultaneous solar and rain energy harvesting. A self-charging prototype powered LED arrays via a custom boost converter, demonstrating practical multisource energy harvesting for low-power electronics.
Mechanical performance of sub-stoichiometric titanium carbide ceramics synthesized by a hybrid SHS and SPS methodology
(Elsevier, 2026) Moshtaghion, Bibi Malmal; Cano Crespo, Rafael; Cumbrera Hernández, Francisco Luis; Gómez García, Diego; García Fernández, María; Rodríguez Barbero, Miguel Angel; Moreno, Rodrigo; Física Aplicada II; Física de la Materia Condensada
Sub-stoichiometric titanium carbide ceramics were synthesized via a hybrid route combining self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). TiC₁₋ₓ powders were produced through a single, rapid SHS step by the direct reaction of titanium and graphite, followed by attrition milling to achieve an average particle size of 3–5 μ ◦ m. Particular attention was devoted to analyzing sub-stoichiometry variations associated with carbon vacancy formation during both SHS and SPS processes. SPS treatments at temperatures up to 1800 C promoted sub-stoichiometric deviations reaching compositions as low as TiC 0.74 , which remained nearly stable even under more extreme SPS conditions. Additionally, a minor and unexpected precipitation of a disordered graphite phase was detected. The resulting sub-stoichiometric titanium carbide ceramics exhibited high Vickers hardness values, reaching up to 27 GPa. Microstructural analysis revealed plastic deformation, attributed to dislocation interactions with graphite precipitates. The dislocation dynamics were found to be governed by cationic diffusion mechanisms.
Impurity-induced formation of Ti₁₋ₓZrₓB₂ solid solution ceramics during combined SHS-SPS sintering
(Elsevier, 2026) López Arenal, Jesús; Moshtaghion, Bibi Malmal; Gómez García, Diego; García Fernández, María ; Rodríguez, Miguel A.; Moreno, Rodrigo; Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales y del Transporte; Física de la Materia Condensada; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
Combination of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from Ti + B powder mixture followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) is introduced for the fabrication of titanium diboride. Oxide impurities, including zirconium oxide and titanium oxide, are identified in the synthesized powders: the first one coming from the milling process after SHS to minimize agglomeration and the second one is a common oxide fine layer on particle surface. Both oxide phases are reduced during SPS treatment. Results confirm that increasing the SPS temperature enhances the reduction of ZrO₂, facilitating the incorporation of Zr cations into the lattice through substitution at Ti sites, thus allowing the formation of this solid solution diboride: Ti1-xZrxB2. The key finding is that the presence of a small amount of Zr cation, with higher atomic radius in TiB2 crystal structure results in crystal distortion and it creates significant solid solution hardening effect as well as an improved wear response.
Efficacy and safety of a multi-action tear substitute based on 0.15% cross-linked hyaluronic acid, 3% trehalose and liposomes with stearylamine: A randomized, single-mask, controlled study
(Springer Nature, 2025-02-11) Ballesteros Sánchez, Antonio; Tedesco, Giovanni Roberto; Rocha de Lossada, Carlos; Russo, Fedele; Sánchez González, José María; Borroni, Davide; Física de la Materia Condensada; CTS1040: Ciencias de la Visión
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TriMix, a new multiple-action tear substitute in patients with dry eye disease (DED). Methods This was a randomized, multicenter, single-masked, hyaluronic acid (HA)-controlled clinical trial conducted between July, 2023 and May, 2024. A total of 115 patients were randomly allocated to receive either TriMix tear substitute or 0.15% HA tear substitute 3 times daily. Clinical outcomes include ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT) and Schirmer I test (ST) without anesthesia at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. Results Of the 115 patients randomized, 80 completed the study (TriMix, n = 56; HA, n = 24). At months 3 and 6, improvements from baseline were statistically greater with TriMix tear substitute compared to HA 0.15% tear substitute for OSDI: -3.7 points (95% CI, -6.9 to -0.6; p = 0.011) and − 7.5 points (95% CI, -10.3 to -4.6; p < 0.001), respectively. Similar results were reported for NIBUT: 0.9 s (95% CI, 0.3 to 1.6; P = 0.040) and 1.6 s (95% CI, 0.7 to 2.6; P < 0.001), respectively. Regarding safety, no serious ocular adverse events occurred. Three patients complained of burning after instillation of TriMix tear substitute. Conclusion This RCTs demonstrate that TriMix tear substitute provides statistically significant and clinically evidence of the reduction of DED symptoms with a satisfactory safety profile through 6 months of follow-up. Findings suggest the use of this tear substitute, but results should be confirmed independently over longer time periods.
Plasma-flash sintering II: Flashing ZnO at room temperature using low AC voltage
(Wiley, 2025-11) Gil González, Eva; Manchón Gordón, Alejandro F.; Perejón Pazo, Antonio; Sánchez Jiménez, Pedro Enrique; Pérez Maqueda, Luis A.; Ingeniería Química; Química Inorgánica; Física de la Materia Condensada; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Junta de Andalucía
In this study, we have advanced the plasma-flash sintering (PFS) technique by demonstrating the preparation of dense ZnO ceramics at room temperature using a moderate electric field of 250 V cm−1 under a low-pressure nitrogen atmosphere. This specific environment facilitates the sequential occurrence of plasma generation followed by the flash sintering event. Compared to traditional flash sintering technique, our approach significantly reduces both energy consumption and processing time, while eliminating the need for a furnace. Impedance spectroscopy confirms that ZnO ceramic produced via this method exhibits enhanced electrical conductivity. Hence, PFS is shown to be a potential tool for tuning the electrical properties of sintered materials at room temperature while boosting energy efficiency.
Compositionally complex alloying in multiple-R-Co2 laves phase system: Lattice distortion and static and dynamic magnetocaloric properties
(Elsevier, 2025-09-15) Tian, Zhengying; Law, Jia Yan; Moreno Ramírez, Luis Miguel; Liu, Yao; Hu, Fengxia; Gamzatov, Adler G.; Franco García, Victorino; Shen, Baogen; Física de la Materia Condensada; National Science Foundation. China; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). China; National Natural Science Foundation, China; Russian Science Foundation. Russia; National Natural Science Foundation. China; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Union (UE); Research Council. Norway
Compositionally complex (CC) alloying strategies can improve performance under operational conditions as demonstrated by the advancements of high-entropy alloys but their effect on the thermomagnetic functionality remains unclear. The findings of this work reveal the CC effects on thermomagnetic functionality by systematically investigating CC alloying at the rare-earth (R) site of the RCo2 system, particularly focusing on both static and dynamic magnetocaloric effects. By combining Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Gd elements in near-equiatomic proportions (which increases the configurational entropy of mixing), significant isothermal entropy changes, akin to those observed in the well-known DyCo2, are found across a broad temperature span, indicating the potential for multi-stage coupling applications. Exponent n analysis indicates the series is near the critical composition, enabling substantial responses without thermal hysteresis. Direct measurements of the adiabatic temperature change of Dy0.25Tb0.25Ho0.25Er0.25Co2 show that CC alloying at the R-site does not decrease cyclic performance at frequencies below 5 Hz in alternating magnetic fields with respect to DyCo2. High-resolution electron micrographs and variable temperature X-ray diffraction results reveal a 39.5 % increase in lattice distortion compared to DyCo2, raising the phase transition energy barrier from 0.28 to 0.47 eV. These findings shed insights into the dynamic thermomagnetic responses and underscore the potential of CC alloying to improve the magnetocaloric effects of RCo2 family.
Assessment the Safety of CyclASol compared with Vehicle and Commercially Available 0.05% Cyclosporine in Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‑analysis
(Springer Nature, 2025-08-26) Ballesteros Sánchez, Antonio; Llort Vilaró, Sara; Sánchez González, José María; Borroni, Davide; Rocha de Lossada, Carlos; Física de la Materia Condensada; Cirugía
Introduction To compare the safety of 0.05% and 0.1% water-free cyclosporine formulation (CyclASol) with vehicle and 0.05% cyclosporine (CsA) in patients with dry eye disease (DED). Methods A systematic review with meta-analysis, reporting on the safety of CyclASol in patients with DED in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until 4 April 2025), was performed according to the PRISMA statement. Results Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, encompassing 1575 eyes from 1575 patients. The meta-analysis revealed no significant difference in the likelihood of experiencing treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) between CyclASol and control groups (risk ratio [RR]: 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85–1.12; P = 0.72; I2 = 43%) (rate CyclASol: 30.3% [240 eyes]; rate controls: 30.9% [243 eyes]; rate difference: –0.6%). Similar results were observed for ocular TEAEs (RR: 1.00; 95% CI 0.78–1.30; P = 0.97; I2 = 0%) (rate CyclASol: 3.6% [95 eyes]; rate controls: 3.7% [93 eyes]; rate difference: –0.1%). Regarding sensitivity analyses, no significant difference in the likelihood of TEAEs was observed between CyclASol and vehicle groups (RR: 1.02; 95% CI 0.88–1.18; P = 0.83; I2 = 44%) (rate CyclASol: 32.5% [240 eyes]; rate vehicle: 30.3% [222 eyes]; rate difference: 2.2%). Comparable results were found for ocular TEAEs (RR: 1.07; 95% CI 0.81–1.41; P = 0.65; I2 = 0%) (rate CyclASol: 4.1% [95 eyes]; rate vehicle: 3.6% [85 eyes]; rate difference: 0.5%). Similarly, no statistically significant differences in TEAEs were observed when comparing CyclASol with 0.05% CsA (RR: 0.74; 95% CI 0.51–1.09; P = 0.13; I2 = 5%) (rate CyclASol: 29.4% [30 eyes]; rate CsA: 39.6% [21 eyes]; rate difference: –10.2%). Ocular TEAEs also remained comparable between groups (RR: 0.67; 95% CI 0.32–1.41; P = 0.29; I2 = 0%) (rate CyclASol: 2.8% [10 eyes]; rate CsA: 3.7% [8 eyes]; rate difference: –0.9%). Conclusions Based on the data presented in the meta-analysis, CyclASol is a safe treatment for patients with DED. However, the comparable likelihood of experiencing TEAEs and ocular TEAEs between CyclASol and 0.05% CsA suggests that there is not sufficient evidence to indicate a superior safety profile of CyclASol over commercially available CsA.
Artificial Neural Network Approach with Multi-Back Propagation and Training–Testing to Solve the Resource Levelling Problem in PERT-CPM
(Springer Nature, 2025-08-14) Conde, Inma C.; Palma Martos, Luis Antonio; Martínez Torres, María del Rocío; Cumbrera Hernández, Francisco Luis; Física de la Materia Condensada
Nowadays, due to an improvement in technology and increased competition, project managers have the mandatory task of completing the projects in a foresighted time and with the specified resources. In order to finish the projects without delay, the classical PERT-CPM methodology is being extensively used. In this scenario, two critical problems emerge with no analytical solution: Resource Levelling and Resource Allocation. This paper focuses on the first problem from the novel perspective of Artificial Neural Networks within classic Training–Testing protocol. In order to obtain a reliable dataset for the training process two other targets have been the subject of our research: firstly, the goal was to calibrate quantitatively the efficiency of previous heuristic and metaheuristic approaches to, secondly, train our network with the best results. However, to perform that calibration, research was also conducted to find the optimal efficiency descriptor, beyond the classical Sum of Squares. Using the Principal Component Analysis, an optimal mixed descriptor was found, built from the RIC and Sum of Squares performance descriptors. The research obtained an accuracy of 96,2% regarding the predictions made with a trained neural network. Even if the preliminary task for the Training–Testing protocol is demanding, the reward obtained consists of a quick and comfortable resolution for all the subsequent projects.
In situ TEM and synchrotron SAXS/WAXS study on the impact of different iron salts on iron-catalysed graphitization of cellulose
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025-07-16) Hayward, Emily C.; Takeguchi, Masaki; Lloyd, Harry J.; Stratford, Joshua M.; Smith, Andrew J.; Snow, Tim; Ramírez Rico, Joaquín; Schnepp, Zoe; Física de la Materia Condensada; Leverhulme Trust
Carbon materials are essential for emerging energy applications and there is a pressing need to be able to produce carbons with controlled properties from sustainable precursors. Iron-catalysed graphitization of biomass is an attractive approach, where simple iron salts are used to convert organic matter to graphitic carbons at relatively low temperature. The choice of iron salt can have a significant impact on the chemical and structural properties of carbons derived from biomass. In this paper, we report a detailed mechanistic investigation of iron catalysed graphitization of cellulose by Fe(NO3)3 and FeCl3. In situ small and wide angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy show that the evolution of catalyst particles from the two salts follows very different pathways. Remarkably, graphitization by FeCl3 is an order of magnitude faster than by Fe(NO3)3.

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