Artículos (Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla (IMSE-CNM))

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/10969

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Detailed Assessment of Hardware Implementations, Attacks and Countermeasures for the Ascon Authenticated Cipher
(Wiley, 2025) Martín González, M.; Tena Sánchez, Erica; Potestad Ordóñez, Francisco Eugenio; Acosta Jiménez, Antonio José; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Union (UE). H2020; European Union (UE)
The design and implementation of lightweight-oriented ciphers on hardware has turned into an urgent matter with the expansive field of Internet of Things (IoT) and the ever increasing presence of small electronic devices that require fast and secure communication in our modern world. In 2023, the Ascon cipher was selected as the new standard authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) algorithm for lightweight environments by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This paper provides a full comparison and joint evaluation of the hardware implementations, attacks and countermeasures that have been proposed for Ascon since it was published, aiming to shed light on some open development paths in addition to enable the hardware designer to make better informed decisions. All in all, Ascon implementations tend to achieve great performance while staying lightweight, but unprotected implementations are vulnerable to hardware attacks, and some attacks can even dodge counter measures. The very promising Ascon cipher will surely thrive in the field of lightweight cryptography, but further work into the design of secure implementations is still needed, being this paper a great starting point for researchers and designers alike.
Low-Cost Full Correlated-Power-Noise Generator to Counteract Side-Channel Attacks
(MDPI, 2025) Tena Sánchez, Erica; Potestad Ordóñez, Francisco Eugenio; Zúñiga González, V.; Acosta Jiménez, Antonio José; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Junta de Andalucía; European Union (UE). H2020; European Union (UE)
Considerable attention has been given to addressing side-channel attacks to improve the security of cryptographic hardware implementations. These attacks encourage the exploration of various countermeasures across different levels of abstraction, through masking and hiding techniques, mainly. In this paper, we introduce a novel hiding countermeasure designed to mitigate Correlation Power Analysis (CPA) attacks without significant overhead. The new countermeasure interferes with the processed data, minimizing the power correlation with the secret key. The proposed method involves using a Correlated-Power-Noise Generator (CPNG). This study is supported by experimental results using CPA attacks on a SAKURA-G board with a SPARTAN-6 Xilinx FPGA. An Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher with 128/256-bit key size is employed for this purpose. The proposed secure design of AES has an area overhead of 29.04% compared to unprotected AES. After conducting a CPA attack, the acquisition of information about the private key has been reduced drastically by 44.5%.
Harvesting Random Telegraph Noise for True Random Number Generation
(Elsevier, 2025) Rubio Barbero, Francisco Javier; Santos Prieto, F. de los; Castro López, R.; Roca, E.; Fernández Fernández, Francisco Vidal; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Junta de Andalucía; European Union (UE)
At first glance, Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) in deeply scaled CMOS transistors may seem like a reliability nuisance. Yet, behind the discrete trapping-and-detrapping events lurks a potent source of hardware entropy. In this paper, we harness RTN to build a dual-purpose security module that serves as both a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) and a True Random Number Generator (TRNG). By measuring the so-called Maximum Current Fluctuation (MCF) at carefully chosen observation windows, our design switches effortlessly between the stable outputs needed for a PUF and the maximally unpredictable bitstreams demanded by a TRNG. Although single-defect RTN has long been deemed ideal for randomness, we show that multi-defect RTN scenarios, much more prevalent in real-world manufacturing, can also yield high-quality random bits, especially when aided by lightweight post-processing. Simple statistical metrics guide the initial tuning, after which the final bitstreams pass the NIST SP 800-22 test suite to validate the statistical soundness of our proposal. In doing so, we address key challenges that arise when designing an RTN-based TRNG and compare our results against state-of-the-art solutions, highlighting advantages in circuit simplicity, bit-rate scalability, and dual-use capability.
Quasi-static PEEC planar solver using a weighted combination of 2D and 3D analytical Green's functions and a predictive meshing generator
(Elsevier, 2018-09) Ahyoune, Saiyd; Sieiro, Javier; Carrasco, Tomás; Vidal, Neus; López-Villegas, José M.; Roca Moreno, Elisenda; Fernández Fernández, Francisco Vidal; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
In this work, a quasi-static implementation of the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method for the analysis of planar radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (uW) components is proposed. The procedure is divided in three parts. First, an alternative PEEC formulation based on energy concepts is described. Second, a smart mesh generator is developed in order to provide an accurate solution at minimum computational costs, taking into account both geometry and device physics as metrics for the correct sizing of mesh elements. And third, a weighted combination of the 2D and 3D quasi-static Green's functions (GF) is proposed for extending the valid frequency range of the quasi-static approximation. It is shown that the 3D-GF is very accurate at low frequency, whereas the 2D-GF is more suitable at higher frequencies. Numerical examples are compared to experimental data for different passive components and technologies in a wide frequency range
Enhanced systematic design of a voltage controlled oscillator using a two-step optimization methodology
(Elsevier, 2018-09) Moreira de Passos, Fabio; Martins R.; Lourenço N.; Roca Moreno, Elisenda; Póvoa R.; Canelas A.; Castro López, Rafael; Horta N.; Fernández Fernández, Francisco Vidal; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España; Junta de Andalucía; Instituto de Telecomunicações; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
In this paper a design strategy based on bottom-up design methodologies is used in order to systematically design a voltage controlled oscillator. The methodology uses two computer-aided design tools: AIDA, a multi-objective multi-constraint circuit optimization tool, and SIDe-O, a tool that characterizes and optimizes integrated inductors with high accuracy (around 1% when compared to electromagnetic simulations). By using such tools, the difficult trade-offs inherent to radio-frequency circuits can be explored efficiently and accurately. Furthermore, with the capability that AIDA has at considering process parameter variations during the optimization, the resulting methodology is able to obtain truly robust circuit designs.
A novel design methodology for the mixed-domain optimization of a MEMS accelerometer
(Elsevier, 2018-06) Pak, Murat; Fernández Fernández, Francisco Vidal; Dundar, Gunhan; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo
This paper proposes a novel optimization-based design methodology that can be used for mixed-domain synthesis of MEMS accelerometers. Several problems have been identified with existing methodologies and comparative experiments that demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach are performed. Highly accurate analytical models of the MEMS accelerometer have been used for the evaluation of the MEMS sensor performances in the mixed-domain optimization. The circuit level simulations, on the other hand, are based on an electrical simulator, e.g., Hspice. The implemented methodology has been tested on the optimization of a MEMS accelerometer that includes a capacitive MEMS sensor and an analog read-out circuitry.
A Comparison of Automated RF Circuit Design Methodologies: Online Versus Offline Passive Component Design
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018-11) Passos, Fabio; Roca Moreno, Elisenda; Castro López, Rafael; Fernández Fernández, Francisco Vidal; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Junta de Andalucía; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
In this paper, surrogate modeling techniques are applied for passive component modeling. These techniques are exploited to develop and compare two alternative strategies for automated radio-frequency circuit design. The first one is a traditional approach where passive components are designed during the optimization stage. The second one, inspired on bottom-up circuit design methodologies, builds passive component Pareto-optimal fronts (POFs) prior to any circuit optimization. Afterward, these POFs are used as an optimized library from where the passive components are selected. This paper exploits the advantages of evolutionary computation algorithms in order to efficiently explore the circuit design space, and the accuracy and efficiency of surrogate models to model passive components.
Event-Driven Vision Sensor With In-Pixel Spatial Contrast Computation Capabilities and On-Chip AER Sequencer
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Rosa Vidal, Rafael de la; Leñero Bardallo, Juan Antonio; Gómez Merchán, Rubén; Rodríguez Vázquez, Ángel Benito; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo
Spatial contrast (SC) detection is a fundamental task in computer vision, crucial for simplifying images at an early stage. However, this process typically demands significant power and processing resources. In this paper, we present a novel detect-weight128 x 128 pixel asynchronous vision sensor designed to compute SC, thereby eliminating the need to transmit and process intensity frames externally. The sensor is fabricated using detect-weight180CMOS technology, with a pixel pitch of 28 × 26 μm2. Each pixel provides temporal information relative to its four adjacent pixels to compute the temporal contrast, transmitting data asynchronously. An integrated on-chip Address-Event-Representation (AER) sequencer efficiently manages pixel events, reducing latency requirements on the processing unit. Additionally, the sensor is capable of performing standard imaging operations. Various methods for SC computation are discussed, along with their implementation within the sensor.
A Photovoltaic Dynamic Vision Sensor
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Fernández Peramo, Pablo; Leñero Bardallo, Juan Antonio; Rodríguez Vázquez, Ángel Benito; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); European Union (UE)
This article reports a dynamic vision sensor (DVS) proof-of-concept chip employing an unconventional photo-transduction front end. Instead of the conventional logarithmic transducer comprising a photodiode and a nonlinear load, the proposed pixel architecture uses a single diode operating in the photovoltaic regime. This operation regime, the same as employed for solar cells, features a voltage-current characteristic that endows the sensor with remarkable sensitivity to transient illumination variations, particularly in low-light conditions. Also, the lack of resistive loads benefits compactness and decreases static power consumption. Experimental results with the sensor in the article demonstrate advantages over previous art regarding noise and latency.
Wearable Devices Based on Bioimpedance Test in Heart Failure: Clinical Relevance: Systematic Review
(IMR Press Limited, 2024) Giménez Miranda, Luis; Fernández Scagliusi, Santiago Joaquín; Pérez García, Pablo; Olmo Fernández, Alberto; Huertas Sánchez, Gloria; Yúfera García, Alberto; Medrano Ortega, Francisco Javier; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Medicina; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Junta de Andalucía; Caixa Catalunya
Background: Heart failure (HF) represents a frequent cause of hospital admission, with fluid overload directly contributing to decompensations. Bioimpedance (BI), a physical parameter linked to tissue hydration status, holds promise in monitoring congestion and improving prognosis. This systematic review aimed to assess the clinical relevance of BI-based wearable devices for HF fluid monitoring. Methods: A systematic review of the published literature was conducted in five medical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase) for studies assessing wearable BI-measuring devices on HF patients following PRISMA recommendations on February 4th, 2024. The risk of bias was evaluated using the ROBINS tool. Results: The review included 10 articles with 535 participants (mean age 66.7 ± 8.9 years, males 70.4%). Three articles identified significant BI value differences between HF patients and controls or congestive vs non-congestive HF patients. Four articles focused on the devices’ ability to predict HF worsening-related events, revealing an overall sensitivity of 70.0 (95% CI 68.8–71.1) and specificity of 89.1 (95% CI 88.3–89.9). One article assessed prognosis, showing that R80kHz decrease was related to all-cause-mortality with a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.51 (95% CI 1.55–23.32; p = 0.02) and the composite all-cause-mortality and HF admission with a HR of 4.96 (95% CI 1.82–14.37; p = 0.01). Conclusions: BI-measuring wearable devices exhibit efficacy in detecting fluid overload and hold promise for HF monitoring. However, further studies and technological improvements are required to optimize their impact on prognosis compared to standard care before they can be routinely implemented in clinical practice.
PUF-derived IoT identities in a zero-knowledge protocol for blockchain
(Elsevier, 2020-03) Prada Delgado, Miguel Ángel; Baturone Castillo, María Iluminada; Dittmann, Gero; Jelitto, Jens; Kind, Andreas; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España
As the internet of things moves into increasingly sensitive domains, connected devices need to be secured against data manipulation and counterfeiting. Where the underlying business processes involve multiple independent parties, a blockchain platform can provide a common source of truth. If changes to the common state depend on IoT devices, the authenticity and integrity of the IoT input must be ensured. Employing a blockchain platform for authenticating devices makes the process independent of the device manufacturer. This paper shows how cryptographic keys derived from a device's physical fingerprint can be employed in a zero-knowledge protocol to authenticate a device. As the keys are regenerated at boot time rather than stored, the approach does not need an expensive secure element. An efficient implementation enables even lightweight devices to prove their identity and sign messages. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the approach.
Application specific integrated circuit solution for multi-input multi-output piecewise-affine functions
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2016-01) Brox Jiménez, María; Martínez Rodríguez, Macarena Cristina; Tena Sánchez, Erica; Baturone Castillo, María Iluminada; Acosta Jiménez, Antonio José; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica; European Commission (EC); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This paper presents a fully digital architecture and its application specific integrated circuit implementation for computing multi-input multi-output (MIMO) piecewise-affine (PWA) functions. The work considers both PWA functions defined over regular hyperrectangular and simplicial partitions of the input domains and also lattice PWA representations. The proposed architecture is able to implement PWA functions following different realization strategies, using a common structure with a minimized number of blocks, thus reducing power consumption and hardware resources. Experimental results obtained with application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) integrated in a 90-nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor standard technology are provided. The proposed architecture is compared with other digital architectures in the state of the art habitually used to implement model predictive control applications. The proposal is superior in power consumption (saving up to 86%) and economy of hardware resources (saving up to 40% in comparison with a mere replication of the three representations) to other proposals described in literature, being ready to be used in applications where high-performance and minimum unitary cost are required.
Alternative General Fitting Methods for Real-Time Cell-Count Experimental Data Processing
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2020-07-20) Serrano Viseas, Juan Alfonso; Pérez García, Pablo; Huertas Sánchez, Gloria; Yúfera García, Alberto; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España
This paper reports two general methods for extraction of cell-electrode electrical model parameters in cell culture (CC) assays. The presented approaches can be applied to CC assays based on electrical cell-substrate impedance spectroscopy (ECIS) technique for real-time supervision, providing the cell number per square centimeter, i.e., the cell density, as main result. Both of the proposed methods - minimization of system equations and data predictive model - search, during the experiment, the optimum values of the electrical model parameters employed for the electrode-cell model. The results of this search enable a fast and efficient calculation of the involved cell-electrode model parameters and supply real-time information on the cell number. For the sake of experimental validation, we applied the proposed methods to practical CCs in cell growth assays with a cell line of AA8 Chinese hamster ovarian fibroblasts and the Oscillation Based Test technique for bioimpedance measurements. These methods can be easily extrapolated to any general cell lines and/or other bioimpedance test methodologies.
Bioimpedance Spectroscopy-Based Edema Supervision Wearable System for Noninvasive Monitoring of Heart Failure
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2023-05-17) Fernández Scagliusi, Santiago Joaquín; Giménez Miranda, Luis; Pérez García, Pablo; Martín Fernández, Daniel; Medrano Ortega, Francisco Javier; Huertas Sánchez, Gloria; Yúfera García, Alberto; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Medicina; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Biología Celular; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España; Instituto de Salud Carlos III
Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood containing oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's demands. HF is the leading cause of hospitalization for patients over 65 years of age. After a patient is diagnosed with HF, the mortality rate is 50% within the first five years. Presently, there are no unanimous diagnostic criteria for HF. Bioimpedance (BI) analysis has been proposed in recent years as a technique to detect one of the main symptoms: changes in body volume due to edema. This research presents a portable device (Volum), capable of performing real-time BI measurements in a low-cost and noninvasive way. The goal is to improve patient monitoring at home to ensure rapid intervention in cases of worsening conditions, either with timely hospitalizations or adjustments to a patient's usual treatment. Volum is a small, wearable, wireless, lightweight, low-power clinical pilot prototype that takes measurements through four electrodes and sends the data via Bluetooth to an Android device.
A Plethysmography Capacitive Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Volume Changes in Acute Heart Failure
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2021-06-23) Rando, Enrique; Pérez García, Pablo; Scagliusi, Santiago F.; Medrano Ortega, Francisco Javier; Huertas Sánchez, Gloria; Yúfera García, Alberto; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Medicina; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España; Instituto de Salud Carlos III
A small, wearable, low-weight, and low-power-consumption device for plethysmography capacitive sensing is proposed herein. The device allows carrying out real-time monitoring of leg volume changes in patients suffering from heart failure (HF) conditions. The dynamic of fluid overload in patients with acute HF serves as a prognosis marker for this type of severe disease and, consequently, these patients can benefit from a wearable monitoring system to measure their body volume evolution during and after hospitalization. Our approach is based on contactless capacitive wearable structures implemented by two different sensor realizations located in the ankle: 180°-parallel capacitor plates (two modes of operations are compared, with the patient's body connected to ground and to the average voltage between plates) and planar-parallel capacitor plates whose overlapped surface varies with the volume of the patient's leg. Both realizations exhibit good sensitivity to leg volume changes. The acquisition of capacitance values is performed via a simple circuit that achieves notable performance in simulated volume analysis. A preliminary pilot clinical prototype is described as well.
Reliable and Efficient Integration of AI into Camera Traps for Smart Wildlife Monitoring Based on Continual Learning
(Elsevier, 2024) Velasco Montero, Delia; Fernández Berni, Jorge; Carmona Galán, Ricardo; Sanglas, Ariadna; Palomares, Francisco; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Union (UE)
In this paper, we comprehensively report on an efficient approach for the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) processing pipelines in camera traps for smart on-site wildlife monitoring. Our work covers hardware, software, and algorithmics. We have built two prototypes of smart camera trap on a maximum bill of materials of 100$. We have also built two datasets, made publicly available, comprising over 17 k images, many of them notably challenging even for humans. Leveraging our broad expertise on embedded systems, specialized software libraries and toolchains, and AI techniques such as transfer learning, explainable AI, and, most importantly, continual learning, we achieve more reliable inference on-site - specifically 10 % higher F1-score - than MegaDetector run off-site on a desktop computer. The paper includes many practical details on system realization and on-site training in addition to a vast set of lab and experimental results.
Single-Shot Auto-Exposure and High Dynamic Range Imaging Based on Asynchronous Operation of Pixel Array Circuitry
(John Wiley & Sons, 2024) Lamouaraa Sedlackova, Yassine; Fernández Berni, Jorge; Carmona Galán, R.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
This paper introduces an image formation technique that realizes automatic adaptation to the illumination conditions during image capture. This adaptation takes place asynchronously in a single shot, requiring neither external control nor iterations on the exposure setting. These characteristics are especially suitable for applications such as visual robot navigation, where illumination may abruptly change and immediate decisions must be made. The equations that model the proposed technique show exposure-time independence. Moreover, each pixel adapts itself according to the ratio between local and global illuminations. The dependence on this ratio—which is a relative rather than absolute magnitude—along with the aforementioned independence on exposure time means that, theoretically, any illumination scenario can be represented within an arbitrary signal range. We also address the CMOS implementation of this technique. An extensive set of electrical simulations confirms its auto-exposure and high-dynamic-range encoding capabilities. In particular, we simulated the capture of a 118-dB scene on a (Formula presented.) -px array over five orders of magnitude of ambient illumination. Corner and mismatch simulations reveal strong robustness of the proposed circuitry against fabrication non-idealities. Finally, although we aim to applications in which large image resolution is not a critical specification, strategies to minimize the impact of the required focal-plane circuit elements on the pixel pitch are examined.
Integrated sensors for electric stimulation of stem cells: A review on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) based systems
(Elsevier, 2025-06) Algarín Pérez, Antonio; Martín Fernández, Daniel; Daza Navarro, María Paula; Huertas Sánchez, Gloria; Yúfera García, Alberto; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Biología Celular; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
This paper provides an update on the sensors and actuators involved in Stem Cells (SC) differentiation processes based on electric stimulation (STIM), including both current and future progress. These techniques are applied in a range of biological and medical protocols, including cell linage derivation, tissue engineering, cellular therapy, cancer research, and cell motility. The typical methodology of SC electric STIM endeavors to emulate biological processes by applying an electrical signal to the cell culture and evaluating the cell response. Cell metabolism is electrically sensitive, responding in some manner to a given stimulus. The precise mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood, but it is evident that changes in ion density at the cell membrane proximity must excite the cell metabolism (receptors), thereby activating its “differentiation” in response. In order to gain a deeper insight into the cellular mechanisms involved in this process, the physical variables should be better recognized, measured, and quantified during the protocol execution. This work is contributing to the development of a compilation of proposed systems, and specifications required, to identify and better understand the local conditions within the cell environment that are responsible for the activation of the differentiation processes. It is crucial that STIM systems are optimally designed and that the cell response is correctly understood. Two features will be reviewed: the setup employed and the circuits for STIM and monitoring. The nexus between these two elements are the electrodes, and this work will therefore be devoted to the realization of integrated Micro-Electrode Arrays (MEAs), and the design problems associated with it. The focus will be on MEAs, with the same size scale as the cells, and the design issues related to integrated electrodes, under electric stimulation, voltage or current modes.
A quantum-safe authentication scheme for IoT devices using homomorphic encryption and weak physical unclonable functions with no helper data
(Elsevier, 2024-12) Román Hajderek, Roberto; Arjona, Rosario; Baturone Castillo, María Iluminada; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Union (UE); Ministerio de Transformacion Digital y Función Pública. España
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are widely used to authenticate electronic devices because they take advantage of random variations in the manufacturing process that are unique to each device and cannot be cloned. Therefore, each device can be uniquely identified and counterfeit devices can be detected. Weak PUFs, which support a relatively small number of challenge-response pairs (CRPs), are simple and easy to construct. Device authentication with weak PUFs typically uses helper data to obfuscate and recover a cryptographic key that is then required by a cryptographic authentication scheme. However, these schemes are vulnerable to helper-data attacks and many of them do not protect conveniently the PUF responses, which are sensitive data, as well as are not resistant to attacks performed by quantum computers. This paper proposes an authentication scheme that avoids the aforementioned weaknesses by not using helper data, protecting the PUF response with a quantum-safe homomorphic encryption, and by using a two-server setup. Specifically, the CRYSTALS-Kyber public key cryptographic algorithm is used for its quantum resistance and suitability for resource-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. The practicality of the proposal was tested on an ESP32 microcontroller using its internal SRAM as a SRAM PUF. For PUF responses of 512 bits, the encryption execution time ranges from 16.41 ms to 41.08 ms, depending on the desired level of security. In terms of memory, the device only needs to store between 800 and 1,568 bytes. This makes the solution post-quantum secure, lightweight and affordable for IoT devices with limited computing, memory, and power resources.
Unified RTN and BTI statistical compact modeling from a defect-centric perspective
(Elsevier, 2021-11) Pedreira, G.; Martín Martínez, Javier; Saraza Canflanca, Pablo; Castro-López, Rubén; Rodríguez, R.; Roca, Elisenda; Fernández Fernández, Francisco Vidal; Nafria, Montserrat; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España
In nowadays deeply scaled CMOS technologies, time-dependent variability effects have become important concerns for analog and digital circuit design. Transistor parameter shifts caused by Bias Temperature Instability and Random Telegraph Noise phenomena can lead to deviations of the circuit performance or even to its fatal failure. In this scenario extensive and accurate device characterization under several test conditions has become an unavoidable step towards trustworthy implementing the stochastic reliability models. In this paper, the statistical distributions of threshold voltage shifts in nanometric CMOS transistors will be studied at near threshold, nominal and accelerated aging conditions. Statistical modelling of RTN and BTI combined effects covering the full voltage range is presented. The results of this work suppose a complete modelling approach of BTI and RTN that can be applied in a wide range of voltages for reliability predictions.

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