Artículos (Ingeniería Electrónica)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/11357

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Novel fragment separators at CERN-ISOLDE: the ISRS and ISLS projects
(Elsevier, 2026-09) Martel, I.; Acosta, L.; Aguado, J. L.; Alegre, A.; Altenmüller, K.; Berjillos, R.; Jiménez Sánchez, Jorge; Zugazaga, A.; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Union (UE); Croatian Science Foundation
The HIE-ISOLDE facility at CERN can provide more than 1000 isotopes of about 70 elements at energies around 0.5 – 10 MeV/u. The ISOLDE Superconducting Recoil Separator (ISRS), based on a superconducting particle-storage ring of few meters’ diameter, has been proposed to expand the HIE-ISOLDE physics program. Innovative concepts and cutting-edge technologies will allow ISRS to achieve unprecedented mass-resolving power. Its design features nested-multifunction Canted Cosine Theta (CCT) superconducting magnets, and an innovative Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient beam dynamics. During the CERN Long Shutdown 3 (LS3, 2026-2028) the R&D program will focus on the installation and testing of prototypes, such as the new ISOLDE multi-harmonic buncher and the prototype of CCT superconducting magnet MAGDEM, the building block of the ISRS ring. MAGDEM can be integrated into an innovative spectrometer, the so-called ISOLDE Linear Spectrometer (ISLS), which can be operative after LS3 and used to resolve light reaction recoils. In this paper we review nuclear physics opportunities as well as ISRS and ISLS design features and technologies.
A cross-cycle dead zone compensation strategy for phase current reconstruction in PMSM drives
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-08) Liu, Shilong; Tian, Yihong; Galván Díez, Eduardo; Carrasco Solís, Juan Manuel; Zhai, Yanchen; Zhu, Pengchen; Zhang, Wentao; Vázquez Pérez, Sergio; Ingeniería Electrónica
In single DC-link current sensor-based phase current reconstruction for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives, the current reconstruction dead zone caused by insufficient active voltage vector duration restricted by driver dead time, switching settling, and Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) latency degrades current sensing accuracy, particularly in low modulation and sector boundary regions. Conventional phase shift methods, while extending the sampling window through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pattern modification, inevitably introduce asymmetric switching sequences that generate additional phase current harmonics and may reduce the linear modulation range. This article analytically characterizes the dead zone formation mechanism across the space vector plane and proposes a cross-cycle compensation strategy based on vector approximation. The method replaces the reference voltage vector with the nearest measurable vector in the present switching cycle and compensates for the resulting voltage error in the subsequent cycle, thereby extending the sampling window while preserving precise volt-second balance without extra hardware. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method eliminates the current reconstruction dead zone, achieves high-fidelity phase current reconstruction, and ensures robust dynamic performance under various load conditions and transients. The feasibility and effectiveness of the single current sensor drive are thoroughly validated.
Coherent combining loss induced by true-time-delay quantization in OFDM phased arrays
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026) Baena Lecuyer, Vicente; Luján Martínez, Clara Isabel; López Morillo, Enrique; Torralba Silgado, Antonio Jesús; Ingeniería Electrónica; TIC192: Ingeniería Electrónica
This letter studies finite-resolution true-time-delay (TTD) quantization in wideband phased arrays with OFDM signaling. For deterministic nearest-neighbor delay quantization in a uniform linear array, we derive an exact expression for the per-subcarrier combining factor and show that it decomposes into a removable common phase term and an irreducible coherent combining loss that, to second order, is governed by the spatial variance of the residual delay errors. This yields compact closedform expressions for the average and worst-case degradation across the OFDM band, which provide a direct design rule for dimensioning the TTD resolution and thus help avoid unnecessary hardware overdesign. Numerical results, including an independent time-domain simulation and a multipath channel, validate the analysis and show that equalization removes the common phase but not the SNR penalty.
TPA-TCT analysis of the RD50-MPW4 monolithic pixel particle detector
(Elsevier, 2026-11) Palomo Pinto, Rogelio; Jiménez Sánchez, Jorge; Wiehe, Moritz; Sonneveld, Jory; Pilsl, Bernhard; Muñoz Chavero, Fernando; Casanova, Raimon; Irmler, Christian; Moll, Michael; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
The RD50-MPW4, a Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (DMAPS) was analyzed using a Two Photon Absorption Transient Current Technique (TPA-TCT). This technique provides sensitivity maps with micrometer-scale spatial resolution, enabling the resolution of the boundaries of the detector’s sensitive volume, even for small-area pixels (62 × 62 μm2 in this study). With a 3D resolution, the depletion depth, the boundaries of the detector electric field, the 3D hit detection efficiency and the charge sharing between neighboring pixels were measured. The RD50-MPW4, a multi-project wafer chip developed by the HV-CMOS working group within the CERN RD50 collaboration, features a 64 × 64 DMAPS pixel matrix. Illuminating the chip from the backside, the TPA-TCT technique can characterize any pixel element in the matrix because silicon is transparent for near infrared laser light (1550 nm). Electron–hole pairs are generated only around the light focal point, deep in the silicon, so that any charge collected is precisely only from the focal point. With the TPA-TCT technique, the RD50-MPW4 was found to be have a 100% hit detection efficiency under specified conditions and an effective depletion depth of 226μm. It was also found that part of the charge in the periphery of the pixel was collected in the neighboring pixel. A 3D map of the sensor clearly shows the in-pixel electronics and the limits of the depletion region.
Functionalized ISFETs with silk fibroin films for long-term pH monitoring in cell cultures
(Elsevier, 2026-12) Moreno Díaz, Alexandre; Urbano Gámez, Jesús David; Reguera, Ana Cristina; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Rosalía; Aznar-Cervantes, Salvador D.; Perdigones Sánchez, Francisco; Aracil Fernández, Carmen; Quero Reboul, José Manuel; Domínguez-Horna, Carlos; Muñoz Berbel, Xavier; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Precise and reliable pH monitoring is crucial for in vitro cell culture assays to maintain optimal conditions and ensure experimental reproducibility. While miniaturized optical and electrochemical pH sensors enable measurements in small volumes, they are constrained by short operational lifespans, hours in the case of electrochemical sensors, due to biofouling and sensor aging. This limitation is particularly challenging for long-term applications, such as monitoring slow-proliferating cells like neurons. This work demonstrates the extended operational lifespan of silicon nitride ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISFETs) through the incorporation of crystalline silk fibroin layers. Silk fibroin, known for its thermal and chemical stability, biocompatibility, and filtering properties, was crystallised onto ISFETs to form robust and stable films. The silk-modified ISFETs retained a pH sensitivity of 51 ± 2 mV/pH, exhibited high precision, comparable to bare ISFETs (Willmott’s index of agreement >0.99), while the drift was reduced (from 4.0 mV/h for bare ISFETs to below 1 mV/h for silk-fibroin ISFETs). When implemented in cell culture chambers, the reduced fouling effect on silk-modified sensors enabled continuous pH monitoring for almost 8 days (182 h) without recalibration or cleaning, significantly surpassing the 8-hour continuous operational lifetime of bare ISFETs. The integration of silk fibroin into ISFETs addresses critical challenges of sensor drift and aging, enabling durable and reliable long-term pH monitoring in small sample volumes. These advances have broad implications for cell culture studies, clinical diagnostics, and wearable sensing applications.
Efficiency analysis of predictive current control of a multiphase drive
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-08) Marsal, Esteban; Colodro Ruiz, Francisco; Visioli, Antonio; Ingeniería Electrónica
In Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control for multiphase drives, weighting factors govern the relative priority among the multiple objectives included in the cost function. Although their influence on control performance, harmonic characteristics, and switching behavior has been extensively studied, their impact on energy efficiency remains largely unexplored. This paper addresses this gap through a comprehensive experimental assessment of the influence of cost function weighting factors on the energy efficiency of a five-phase induction motor drive. A dedicated laboratory test bench is used to evaluate drive efficiency across a broad range of operating conditions by systematically varying mechanical speed, load level and weighting factor combinations. The results reveal that cost function weighting factor tuning leads to efficiency variations of up to 7.6 percentage points depending on the operating regime. Furthermore, the study identifies an optimal parameter region that provides consistently high efficiency across the tested conditions.
Fixed-time sliding mode control of DC-DC buck converter with guaranteed transient performance
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-07) Li, Chen; Liu, Xinxin; Song, Chaoqun; Lin, Xinpo; Shen, Xiaoning; Zhao, Yue; Gao, Yabin; León Galván, José Ignacio; Ingeniería Electrónica; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); Open Research Fund of Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Machine Vision Detection and Perception; The International Science and Technology Cooperation Center of Renewable Energy and Hybrid Power; Heilongjiang Province; Heilongjiang Association for Science and Technology; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
The stability and transient performance of DC-DC buck converter output voltage is critical. In order to address the voltage control problem under mismatched disturbances and time-varying output constraints, this paper proposes a voltage control framework of the DC-DC buck converter with the guaranteed prescribed performance and fixed stabilization time based on a higher-order fully actuated approach. Firstly, to estimate the mismatched disturbance, a fixed-time extended state observer (ESO) is designed. The original model of buck converter is transformed into a high-order fully actuated system. The uncertainties are approximated by a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Then, an adaptive fixed-time sliding mode control law is proposed. The proposed control law could guarantee the prescribed transient performance for the buck converter in the presence of load changing and bounded model uncertainties. The fixed-time stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed by the Lyapunov approach. The proposed control law is evaluated by comparative experimental tests. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control strategy.
Stimulus optimization using the artificial bee colony algorithm for visual neuroprostheses
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026-08) Pratiwi, Ariastity Mega; Jara Balsera, Jorge; Guzmán-Miranda, Hipólito; Suaning, Gregg; Barriga-Rivera, Alejandro; Ingeniería Electrónica; Física Aplicada III; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Objective: Optimization of electrical stimulation patterns can enhance the performance of visual neuroprosthetics by replicating the selective and temporally precise neural responses characteristic of natural vision. Methods: An in silico approach employing the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm was developed to optimize electrical stimulus waveforms that evoke physiologically realistic responses in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The optimization was guided by a computational model of ON and OFF RGCs, with the goal of matching recorded neural responses from the rat dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). The ABC algorithm iteratively modified the amplitude envelope of charge-balanced, biphasic pulse trains to maximize similarity between simulated and recorded responses. Results: The ABC algorithm consistently achieved ≥80% cross-correlation with target neural responses within 2000 iterations. It also identified single optimized waveforms capable of eliciting distinct responses in neighboring neurons, indicating potential for simultaneous physiological responses with electrical stimulations. Under constrained computational conditions, ABC demonstrated superior accuracy compared to alternative optimization algorithms. Conclusion: The proposed ABC-based optimization approach effectively generates neural activation patterns closely resembling natural responses, supporting its use for real-time and adaptive stimulation control in visual neuroprosthetic systems. Significance: This study introduces a biologically inspired optimization framework that advances the development of intelligent stimulation strategies to enhance the functionality of next-generation visual neuroprostheses.
Adaptive process and measurement noise covariances for kalman filter-based speed estimation with incremental encoders: a preliminary study
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-08) Marsal, Esteban; Colodro Ruiz, Francisco; Barrero, Federico; Martínez Heredia, Juana María; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
High-accuracy angular speed measurement using incremental rotary encoders is essential for the optimized operation of electric drives and the improvement of energy efficiency in industrial applications. Conventional encoder-based speed estimation relies on frequency- or period-based methods, whose accuracy is limited to complementary operating regions. Hybrid schemes based on stationary Kalman filters have been proposed to fuse both methods; however, since their noise covariances remain fixed, they achieve near-optimal performance only around a single rotational speed, and their accuracy deteriorates over the rest of the speed range. To overcome this limitation, this work proposes two adaptive Kalman filter variants that fuse frequency- and period-based measurements with online covariance adaptation: the measurement-adaptive Kalman filter (MA-KF) and the dual-adaptive Kalman filter (DA-KF). Both are evaluated in simulation and benchmarked against a stationary Kalman filter (S-KF) and the conventional frequency- and period-based estimators. The results demonstrate that Kalman-based estimators achieve significantly lower relative errors than classical methods across the entire speed range, with the maximum relative error of the DA-KF variant remaining below 0.27% while providing a dynamic response comparable to or faster than period-based techniques. Since the analysis is based on an ideal encoder model, these figures should be interpreted as an upper bound on the achievable performance, which experimental validation will further refine.
Generalized Model Predictive Control Algorithm for a Five-Phase Induction Motor
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026) Gallego Len, Antonio Javier; Martínez Heredia, Juana María; Velarde, Pablo; Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
This paper proposes a Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) approach for the inner currentcontrol loop of a multiphase induction motor drive. The method is based on a CARIMA model, which inherently provides integral action, allowing steady-state error rejection without the need for state or disturbance observers. In contrast to state-space Model Predictive Control (MPC), the proposed formulation enables the straightforward inclusion of system delays and yields an analytical solution when constraints are not considered, reducing computational complexity. Additionally, it is shown that the GPC is able to cope with modelling errors due to different dynamics at different operating points. The effectiveness of the approach is evaluated on a five-phase induction machine, showing competitive performance and improved robustness against modelling uncertainties.
Electromechanical Flight-Control Actuation Systems for More-Electric Aircraft: Architectures, Energy-Efficiency Trade-Offs, Fault Tolerance, and Future Challenges
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026) Martínez Heredia, Juana María; Fernández Prada, Alberto; Colodro Ruiz, Francisco; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
The transition to more-electric aircraft (MEA) is driving the replacement of centralized hydraulic and pneumatic systems with electrically powered alternatives. Within this paradigm, flight-control actuation remains one of the most demanding subsystems, combining strict requirements in force density, dynamic response, reliability, fault tolerance, thermal performance, and certification. Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) are a key enabling technology due to their potential for power-on-demand operation, reduction or elimination of hydraulic infrastructure, improved maintainability, and compatibility with distributed electrical architectures. However, their broader use in safety-critical flight-control applications remains constrained by mechanical jamming, thermal management, power-electronics robustness, fault tolerance, health monitoring, and system-level integration. This paper presents a structured, design-oriented review of electromechanical flight-control actuation systems within the MEA framework. It analyzes the evolution from hydraulic to fully electromechanical actuation, examines EMA architectures and subsystems, reviews energy-efficiency trade-offs at actuator and aircraft levels, and discusses fault modes, redundancy strategies, fault-tolerant design, and health-monitoring approaches. Finally, it identifies open challenges related to certification, jamming mitigation, high-voltage electrical architectures, wide-bandgap power electronics, thermal management, and digital twin-based health monitoring. The review provides a unified system-level perspective that supports the development of energy-efficient, fault-tolerant, and certifiable flight-control actuation systems.
On the capability of cascaded H-bridge converter-based energy systems to tolerate intraphase active power imbalance
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025-11) Nunes, Enrique; Liang, Gaowen; Rodríguez, Ezequiel; Farivar, Glen G.; Konstantinou, Georgios; Ghias, Amer M.Y.M.; Ceballos, Salvador; Pou, Josep; García Franquelo, Leopoldo; Rodríguez, José; Ingeniería Electrónica; A∗STAR; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile
The cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter is an attractive topology to interface energy sources, such as battery energy storage or photovoltaic systems, with the medium-voltage grid. The submodules in CHB converter-based energy systems unavoidably process different active power during operation. However, there exist inherent limits that prohibit an arbitrarily imbalanced intraphase active power distribution. Failing to consider such limits can result in output current distortion and capacitor voltage deviation, which can jeopardize the CHB converter. Crucially, these limits vary depending on the modulation method utilized, whose selection is, thus, of utmost relevance. Accordingly, this article derives and compares the feasible intraphase active power imbalance range of existing modulation methods. The analysis is experimentally corroborated in a 1-kVA single-phase CHB converter with six submodules per phase. Based on the comparison, suggestions on which modulation methods are preferred for different CHB applications are provided.
Simple power-efficient preamplifier-shaper channel for readout interface of silicon detectors
(Elsevier, 2025-01) Sánchez Rodríguez, Trinidad; Gómez Galán, Juan Antonio; Hinojo Montero, José María; Sánchez Raya, Manuel; Muñoz Chavero, Fernando; González Carvajal, Ramón; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
This paper presents the design and characteristics of a front-end readout system for silicon sensors used in nuclear spectroscopy studies. Furthermore, the study proposes circuit topologies that combine gain-boosting and class-AB techniques featuring a good performance regarding gain, accuracy, speed, linearity, and power consumption, meeting the stringent requirements of deep submicrometer CMOS technologies. The readout channel comprises a charge-sensitive amplifier with a tunable discharge time, pole-zero cancellation circuit, and first-order unipolar shaper with a peaking time of 90 ns. The building blocks are made up of single-stage op-amps, thus not requiring compensation. Furthermore, the circuit is optimized for a detector capacitance of 5 pF, and the noise performance is discussed. Experimental results in a 180 nm CMOS process and a supply voltage of ±0.9 V validate the designed front-end channel. The total area of the chip obtained was 0.028 mm2. The conversion gain was 3.1 mV/fC, and the system maintained linearity up to an input charge range of 150 fC with a maximum output swing of 460 mV and recovered to the baseline within 400 ns. The compact design and the power consumption of only 1.97 mW provided a feasible solution for current radiation detectors coupled to many highly dense electronic channels.
Silkworm gut fibre-based biosensors for optical glucose detection
(Elsevier, 2025-12) Fitó-Parera, Aina; Márquez, Augusto; Rodríguez-Núñez, Pablo; Aznar-Cervantes, Salvador D.; Reguera, Ana Cristina; Perdigones Sánchez, Francisco; Aracil Fernández, Carmen; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Rosalía; Domínguez, Carlos; Muñoz Berbel, Xavier; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Silk is a re-emerging biomaterial with significant potential for optical waveguiding due to its high transparency in the visible spectrum and elevated refractive index. Naturally occurring silk filamentous structures, such as silkworm gut fibres (SGFs), resemble traditional optical fibres while offering advantages such as biocompatibility, flexibility, mechanical strength and biodegradability. In this study, SGFs from different Bombyx mori races were evaluated for their suitability in optical fibre-based biosensing applications. White SGFs were selected for their superior optical properties, including a broad transmission window in the visible spectrum, strong light confinement, and high guidance efficiency. However, pristine SGFs exhibited sensitivity to hydration/drying cycles, leading to transmission losses. To address this, an alginate cladding was applied, stabilizing the fibre while preserving biocompatibility and optical performance. The modified SGFs successfully quantified colorants in the surrounding medium and were further employed in biochemical sensing. Specifically, alginate-coated SGFs enabled glucose detection by monitoring the colorimetric response of a redox mediator oxidized through a bi-enzymatic reaction involving glucose oxidase and peroxidase. This system effectively distinguished glucose concentrations corresponding to healthy, hypoglycaemic, and hyperglycaemic (pre-diabetic and diabetic) conditions. Furthermore, direct glucose measurements in real blood samples were possible, as the alginate layer functioned as a size-exclusion filter, selectively retaining cellular components while allowing glucose to diffuse and react with immobilized enzymes and redox mediators. The use of silk and alginate, both recognised as biodegradable materials, suggests significant potential for the development of real-time, minimally invasive glucose monitoring systems for in vitro and in vivo analysis.
RD50-MPW4: a thin backside-biased High Voltage CMOS pixel chip for high radiation tolerance
(IOP Publishing, 2025-03) Vilella, Eva; Bergauer, T.; Casanova, R.; Handerkas, H.; Irmler, C.; Kraemer, U.; Mandić, I.; Marco-Hernández, R.; Palomo Pinto, Rogelio; CERN-RD50; Ingeniería Electrónica; European Union (UE)
The RD50-MPW prototypes are High Voltage-CMOS (HV-CMOS) pixel chips in the 150 nm technology from LFoundry S.r.l. aimed at developing monolithic silicon sensors with excellent radiation tolerance, fast timing resolution and high granularity for tracking applications in future challenging experiments in physics. RD50-MPW4, the latest prototype within this programme, implements significant improvements for a high breakdown voltage (> 400 V), and therefore an excellent radiation tolerance, through a multi-ring structure around the chip edge and substrate backside-biasing to high voltage. Fabricated samples have been irradiated with neutrons up to 1016 neq/cm2 high fluence. Measured current-to-voltage characteristics and pixel equalisation with trimming Digital-to-Analogue Circuits (DACs), to prepare for a test beam with irradiated samples, are presented.
Efficient Real-Time Isotope Identification on SoC FPGA
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-06) Guerrero Morejón, Katherine Alexandra; Hinojo Montero, José María; Jiménez Sánchez, Jorge; Rocha Jácome, Cristian; González Carvajal, Ramón; Muñoz Chavero, Fernando; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Efficient real-time isotope identification is a critical challenge in nuclear spectroscopy, with important applications such as radiation monitoring, nuclear waste management, and medical imaging. This work presents a novel approach for isotope classification using a System-on-Chip FPGA, integrating hardware-accelerated principal component analysis (PCA) for feature extraction and a software-based random forest classifier. The system leverages the FPGA’s parallel processing capabilities to implement PCA, reducing the dimensionality of digitized nuclear signals and optimizing computational efficiency. A key feature of the design is its ability to perform real-time classification without storing ADC samples, directly processing nuclear pulse data as it is acquired. The extracted features are classified by a random forest model running on the embedded microprocessor. PCA quantization is applied to minimize power consumption and resource usage without compromising accuracy. The experimental validation was conducted using datasets from high-resolution pulse-shape digitization, including closely matched isotope pairs (12C/13C, 36Ar/40Ar, and 80Kr/84Kr). The results demonstrate that the proposed SoC FPGA system significantly outperforms conventional software-only implementations, reducing latency while maintaining classification accuracy above 98%. This study provides a scalable, precise, and energy-efficient solution for real-time isotope identification.
Characterization of the RD50-MPW2 monolithic CMOS sensor with the TPA-TCT technique
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2025-09) Palomo Pinto, Rogelio; Pape, Sebastián; Moll, Michael; Hinojo Montero, José María; Jiménez Sánchez, Jorge; Powel, Sam; Vilella, Eva; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
We present the analysis of a monolithic pixel particle detector depleted monolithic active pixel sensor (DMAPS) by the two photon absorption transient current technique (TPA-TCT). The TPA-TCT gives 3-D sensitivity maps with micrometer resolution, enabling the direct measurement of the depletion depth, the 3-D charge collection efficiency (CCE), and the boundaries of the embedded electric field (E-field). The chip under test is the MPW2, an 8×8 DMAPS pixel matrix, designed by the CERN RD50 collaboration. The TPA-TCT technique is especially suited for evaluating monolithic pixel detectors as it can reach the sensitive volume of every pixel element in the matrix by illumination from the backside. This is possible as silicon is transparent for the used near infrared (NIR) laser light (1550nm). Its spatial resolution can resolve the boundaries of the detector-sensitive volume even for small area pixels (60 x 60 μ m in this case). The wrap figure shows the experimental laser setup used for the device characterization described in the main article.
Hybrid Fault-Space Restructuring for Machine Learning-Based Fault Diagnosis in Power Electronic Converters
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-07) García-Campos, José Manuel; Márquez Alcaide, Abraham; Letrado Castellanos, Alejandro; Portillo Guisado, Ramón Carlos; León Galván, José Ignacio; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ingeniería Telemática; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Ministerio de Hacienda y Función Publica; Junta de Andalucía; Shanghai Partner Research Program
Fault diagnosis in power electronic systems is challenging when fault categories geometrically overlap within the measurement space, limiting class separability and introducing classification ambiguity. This work proposes an edge-oriented hybrid fault-space restructuring methodology that utilizes UMAP-based embeddings and hierarchical clustering to group overlapping fault conditions into robust hybrid representations. Subsequently, supervised machine learning models execute the final classification over this optimized space. Validation was conducted using a large-scale synthetic dataset generated via real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, evaluating electrical measurements from three-dimensional RMS values to 60-dimensional instantaneous waveforms. Tested with Decision Tree and Random Forest algorithms, the restructuring strategy significantly improves robustness under geometric ambiguity compared to conventional classification without space restructuring. Specifically, low-dimensional measurements achieved F1-score improvements of approximately 72% and 46% for the Decision Tree and Random Forest algorithms, respectively, while high-dimensional measurement configurations still exhibited significant improvements of 36% and 52%. Consequently, these results confirm that the combined restructuring and classification pipeline is highly effective across the analyzed measurement dimensionalities, establishing a dependable cluster-based diagnostic strategy that enhances classification robustness while accepting a trade-off in individual fault-isolation granularity. Finally, hardware deployment experiments on a Raspberry Pi 4 platform demonstrated the feasibility of executing the trained classifiers for real-time inference under constrained computational environments. The experimental evaluation validated real-time execution capabilities, achieving sub-millisecond inference latencies (as low as 0.32 ms), a memory footprint under 0.14 MB, and processing rates exceeding 2600 inferences per second using lightweight Decision Tree classifiers. Ultimately, these findings indicate that the proposed strategy improves fault detection across the evaluated measurement configurations while ensuring a highly viable execution on resource-constrained devices once the classifiers are trained.
Region-Based Algorithm for Switching Frequency Reduction in Predictive Control of Converter Supplied Electric Drives
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026) Arahal, Manuel R.; Garrido Satué, Manuel; Colodro Ruiz, Francisco; Pérez Vega-Leal, Alfredo; Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática; Ingeniería Electrónica
Switching losses make up for a notable portion of all losses in converter-supplied electric drives. Control algorithms such as Finite State Model Predictive Control (FSMPC) have tackled this issue in different ways; in particular incorporating a switching penalty to the cost function. This, however, results in an optimization problem with increased computational load, restricting the attainable sampling frequency for a given computing hardware. Recently, fast algorithms have been developed that reduce the computational load. However they cannot incorporate the switching penalty term. This paper explores a way around this problem for the particular case of stator current control of a five-phase induction motor. The proposal achieves fast computation even if a term for switching frequency reduction is present in the cost function. Experimental results show how stator current tracking performance is affected in both the torque producing plane and the harmonic subspace.
Commissioning of the Power Supplies and Coils of the SMART Tokamak
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026-06) Vicente Torres, P.; Sánchez Gamino, Juan; Cruz Zabala, Diego José; Salas Suárez-Barcena, Jesús; Erena Guardia, Diego; Peña Arévalo, David; Márquez Alcaide, Abraham; León Galván, José Ignacio; Garcia Muñoz, Cristina; Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear; Ingeniería Electrónica; Ingeniería Mecánica y Fabricación; European Union (UE)
The small aspect ratio tokamak (SMART) is a spherical tokamak (ST) that ffers unique capabilities for studying the potential of negative triangularity. It has been designed, constructed, and is currently being operated by the Plasma Science Fusion Technology (PSFT) Laboratory at the University of Seville. SMART has a total of 21 coils, organized into seven independent circuits and driven by five modular power supplies (PS). The PS operation relies on switching converter technology based on IGBT and supercapacitors (SCs). The PS delivers predefined current waveforms to the copper coil system consisting of the central solenoid (CS), 12 toroidal field (TF) coils, three series pairs of poloidal field (PF) coils, and two independent PF coils. This study details the commissioning and validation of the PS toroidal and solenoid coils, as well as the assembly of coils in SMART. The maximum rated current and slope were measured, along with the series impedance of the coils, the output current ripple, and the noise levels. The internal parameters of the SCs were measured, and optimized current profiles were proposed to enhance overall performance. A comparison has been made between the theoretical values and the experimental results, providing insight into the performance of the PS and areas for improvement.

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