Artículos (Ingeniería Electrónica)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/11357

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IoT solution for smart water distribution networks based on a low-power wireless network, combined at the device-level: A case study
(Elsevier, 2023-07) García Martín, Juan Pablo; Torralba Silgado, Antonio Jesús; Hidalgo Fort, Eduardo; Daza, David; González Carvajal, Ramón; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192; Ingeniería Electrónica
Wireless systems enable the implementation and deployment of efficient Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in various applications such as smart cities, smart industry, smart transportation, or agriculture 4.0. The low power consumption of battery powered devices provides long system lifetime. Taking advantage of the energy consumption reduction mechanisms of the IEEE 802.15.4g and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) standards, this work develops a combined wireless network with application to smart metering for water distribution systems. The end devices used for reading water meters transmit their measurements through cluster heads with dual wireless connectivity. This combined network also finds application in other environments, such as industrial areas with a large geographical extension. Experimental results and simulations results obtained with two demonstrators show an estimate of battery life of more than a decade for those nodes with the highest power requirements.
Low-Cost, Low-Power Edge Computing System for Structural Health Monitoring in an IoT Framework
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-08) Hidalgo Fort, Eduardo; Blanco-Carmona, Pedro; Muñoz Chavero, Fernando; Torralba Silgado, Antonio Jesús; Castro Triguero, Rafael; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU); Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192: Ingeniería Electrónica
A complete low-power, low-cost and wireless solution for bridge structural health monitoring is presented. This work includes monitoring nodes with modular hardware design and low power consumption based on a control and resource management board called CoreBoard, and a specific board for sensorization called SensorBoard is presented. The firmware is presented as a design of FreeRTOS parallelised tasks that carry out the management of the hardware resources and implement the Random Decrement Technique to minimize the amount of data to be transmitted over the NB-IoT network in a secure way. The presented solution is validated through the characterization of its energy consumption, which guarantees an autonomy higher than 10 years with a daily 8 min monitoring periodicity, and two deployments in a pilot laboratory structure and the Eduardo Torroja bridge in Posadas (Córdoba, Spain). The results are compared with two different calibrated commercial systems, obtaining an error lower than 1.72% in modal analysis frequencies. The architecture and the results obtained place the presented design as a new solution in the state of the art and, thanks to its autonomy, low cost and the graphical device management interface presented, allow its deployment and integration in the current IoT paradigm.
Trade-Off Analysis of Drive Dynamics Considering Speed and Current Loops
(MDPI, 2024-08) Arahal, Manuel R.; Garrido Satué, Manuel; Colodro Ruiz, Francisco; Martínez Heredia, Juana María; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Universidad de Sevilla. TIC275: Investigación y Desarrollo en Electrónica, Automática y Tecnologías Emergentes; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP201: Ingeniería de Automatización, Control y Robótica
Electric drive control is an important area of research due to its ubiquity. In particular, multi-phase induction machines are an important field due to their inherent robustness. Tuning of the inner loop (speed) and outer loop (current) is typically tackled separately. The problem of trade-off analysis for the tuning of both loops has never been tackled before, which motivates the present study. This paper examines the complex and non-linear relationships between commonly used performance indicators in variable speed applications. The paper shows that there are links between performance indicators for both loops. This prompts a more detailed study of concurrent tuning. Also, it is shown that said links are, in a variable speed drive, dependent on the operating point. This requires studying more than just one operating point. Experimental results for a five-phase induction motor are used to validate the analysis.
Protocol-aware approach for mitigating radiation-induced errors in free-space optical downlinks
(Optica Publishing Group, 2024-11-15) Pacheco-Labrador, Jorge; Misa Moreira, Carmen; Ramírez Molina, Julio; Guzmán-Miranda, Hipólito; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica
Multigigabit per second satellite-to-ground communications are evolving owing to free-space optical (FSO) communications. They benefit greatly from the use of commercial off-the-shelf field-programmable gate arrays, which offer higher performance than their space-grade counterparts. However, these capabilities are severely diminished in the case of improper implementation of radiation mitigation schemes not being properly assessed. Although these schemes have been improved over the years, they can be further optimized. Therefore, this study proposes, to our knowledge, a new protocol-aware approach, tailored for FSO satellite downlinks, to classify the criticality of radiation-induced errors. This approach can achieve a reduction in overhead by nearly an order of magnitude compared to current protection schemes.
Measuring DNI with a New Radiometer Based on an Optical Fiber and Photodiode
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-06) Carballar Rincón, Alejandro; Rodríguez-Garrido, Roberto; Jerez González, Manuel; Vera, Jonathan; Granado Romero, Joaquín; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; European Union (UE). Horizon Europe; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192: Ingeniería electrónica.; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC231: Fotónica de Comunicaciones.
A new cost-effective radiometer has been designed, built, and tested to measure direct normal solar irradiance (DNI). The proposed instrument for solar irradiance measurement is based on an optical fiber as the light beam collector, a semiconductor photodiode to measure the optical power, and a calibration algorithm to convert the optical power into solar irradiance. The proposed radiometer offers the advantage of separating the measurement point, where the optical fiber collects the solar irradiation, from the place where the optical power is measured. A calibration factor is mandatory because the semiconductor photodiode is only spectrally responsive to a limited part of the spectral irradiance. Experimental tests have been conducted under different conditions to evaluate the performance of the proposed device. The measurements confirm that the proposed instrument performs similarly to the expensive high-accuracy pyrheliometer used as a reference.
Fault Injection Analysis of Bidi- rectional Signals
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2009-08) Aguirre, M.A.; Tombs, Jonathan Noel; Guzmán-Miranda, Hipólito; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC-192 : Ingeniería Electrónica
There are large subsets of digital circuits that are designed with bidirectional ports, like microprocessors, peripherals and certain communication circuits. During the design phase, the reliability of these circuits can be tested by means of fault injection. Traditional fault injection techniques have to arrange the design in order to perform the testing the bidirectional ports, because these tests have to take into account not only errors in the values, but also possible damages in the direction of the data. The present paper presents a solution adopted in an existing fault injection system FT-UNSHADES and the new incoming platform FT-UNSHADES2, for bidirectional signals and the solutions of some practical problems encountered.
TCAD simulations on CMOS propagation induced pulse broadening effect: Dependence analysis on the threshold voltage
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2010-08) Mogollón, J.M.; Palomo Pinto, Rogelio; Nápoles Luengo, Javier; Guzmán-Miranda, Hipólito; García Sánchez, E.; garcía-sánchez; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC-192 : Ingeniería Electrónica
Propagation induced pulse broadening (PIPB) effect is becoming a major concern for electronic designers since new technologies are fast enough to propagate and capture Single Event Transients (SET). In this paper, we explore the influence of the MOSFET threshold voltage (VT) on PIPB effect by TCAD simulating the propagation of an SET after an ion strike, showing up this dependence by the modification of some CMOS technology parameters affecting VT. For this work, the test vehicle used to measure PIPB effect is a self-feedback chain of CMOS inverters. The conclusions outlined can be useful when designing with Multi-Vt nano-metric CMOS technologies. Our results suggest that the |VT|/VDD ratio could be a figure of merit for SET propagation broadening. © 2010 IEEE.
A Novel Co-Design Approach for Soft Errors Miti- gation in Embedded Systems
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2011-04) Cuenca Asensi, Sergio; Martínez Álvarez, Antonio; Restrepo Calle, Felipe; Palomo Pinto, Rogelio; Guzmán-Miranda, Hipólito; Aguirre, Miguel A.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC). España; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC-192 : Ingeniería Electrónica
There is an increasing concern about the mitigation of radiation effects in embedded systems. This fact is demanding new flexible design methodologies and tools that allow dealing with design constraints and dependability requirements at the same time. This paper presents a novel proposal to design radiation-tolerant embedded systems combining hardware and software mitigation techniques. A hardening infrastructure, which facilitates the design space exploration and the trade-offs analyses, has been developed to support this fault tolerance co-design approach. The advantages of our proposal are illustrated by means of a case study.
Exploiting Fault Model Correlations to Accelerate SEU Sensitivity Assessment
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2013-02) Grosso, Michelangelo; Guzmán-Miranda, Hipólito; Aguirre, Miguel A.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC-192 : Ingeniería Electrónica
Nowadays, integrated circuit technologies are increasingly being more susceptible to ionizing radiation effects. In order to assess the reliability of a digital system performing a specific application and to identify the most critical failure effects, radiation experiments and fault injection campaigns are usually performed, which may be costly and time-expensive. This paper proposes a fully automated, practical methodology for accelerating Single-Event-Upset (SEU) fault injection campaigns in digital circuits. The main underlying principle is based on the correlation between the effects of the SEU fault model with the Stuck-At (SA) one. Circuital and functional analysis and experimental case studies confirm the effectiveness of the proposed solutions. © 2005-2012 IEEE.
Coping with the obsolescence of safety- or mission-critical embedded systems using FPGAs
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2011-03) Guzmán-Miranda, Hipólito; Sterpone, Luca; Violante, Massimo; Aguirre, Miguel A.; Gutiérrez-Rizo, Manuel; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC-192 : Ingeniería Electrónica
Today, many companies are facing the problem of component obsolescence in embedded systems. The incredibly fast growth rate of semiconductor companies is reducing dramatically the time components are available on the market. Twenty years ago, components remained on the market for 5 to 10 years; nowadays, they disappear from the market in less than two years. Developers of safety- or mission-critical systems are particularly sensitive to the obsolescence problem as their systems are expected to remain operative for very long periods (e.g., 30 years or more), and maintaining them fully operative is becoming difficult as the needed components may no longer be available. A possible solution for this problem may be the implementation of the needed components using FPGAs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the different possibilities designers have to face when developing such dependability-oriented solution. Also, a design flow is presented, describing its applicability to the implementation of processor cores, to be employed as a replacement of obsolete parts in safety- or mission-critical applications. Results show that there is a strong dependence of the reliability of the design with the specific application. The scrubbing process can also be optimized using the related technique. © 2010 IEEE.
A G-Band SiGe BiCMOS LNA With an Area Efficient Built-In Temperature Compensation Circuit and Robust to TID Radiation
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2024-09-23) Urain Echart, Álvaro; Río Orduña, David del; Luján Martínez, Clara Isabel; Kantanen, Mikko; Berenguer Pérez, Roque José; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192: Ingeniería Electrónica
This paper presents a BiCMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) operating at G-band (140 to 220 GHz) that is robust against harsh operation conditions, namely large temperature variations and radiation exposure. A SiGe technology (IHP’s 0.13- μ m SG13G2) has been used for the amplifier design, due to its suitability for millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies and its built-in tolerance to total ionizing dose (TID) radiation. To address the impact of temperature variations on HBTs, the negative temperature dependence of the gain is compensated with a positive temperature dependent collector current, generated by the proposed on-chip and compact (0.0035 mm2) biasing circuit. It has a negligible degradation on the LNA performance, which shows a measured performance comparable with the state of the art with a minimum noise figure (NF) of 9 dB and a gain of 18.1 dB at room temperature, centered around 195 GHz and with a 3-dB bandwidth of 25 GHz. The measured gain and noise figure variations over a −20°C to 80°C temperature range are ±1.1 dB and ±1.5 dB, respectively. Finally, an experiment to study the TID radiation response of mmW LNAs is carried out. Fabricated samples are exposed to 250 krad(Si), 1.5 Mrad(Si) and 2 Mrad(Si), exhibiting a variation smaller than 1 dB in both gain and noise figure.
Model-Based Control for Power Converters With Variable Sampling Time: A Case Example Using Five-Phase Induction Motor Drives
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE), 2019-08) Arahal, Manuel R.; Martín Torres, Cristina; Barrero, Federico; González Prieto, Ignacio; Durán, Mario J.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España; Universidad de Sevilla; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC201: ACE-TI
Discrete-time control of power converters without modulation blocks have been considered in recent times in modern high-performance electromechanical drives, particularly with the appearance of model predictive control in its finite set version. The shortcomings produced by the fixed discretization of time used in this kind of control systems has been analyzed, and several methods have been put forward to deal with them. Most of the alternatives increase the complexity of the controller introducing different analytical modulation methods. However, a variable sampling time can be a simpler and more natural solution, at the expense of using a less-known paradigm for implementation. This paper introduces a new control approach based on a model of the system as in predictive controllers but using variable sampling time. It can be applied to modern power converters and drives, including conventional three-phase or advanced multiphase ones. Experimental results are provided to test the ability of the controller using a five-phase induction motor drive as a case example.
Influence of Covariance-Based ALS Methods in the Performance of Predictive Controllers With Rotor Current Estimation
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE), 2017-04) Rodas, Jorge; Martín Torres, Cristina; Arahal, Manuel R.; Barrero, Federico; Gregor, Raúl; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Universidad de Sevilla; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
The use of online rotor current estimators with predictive current controllers has been very recently stated in five-phase induction motor drives, where the closed-loop performance of the system is improved by using suboptimal estimators based on Kalman filters. In this paper, the interest of using optimization methods in the definition of the Kalman filter, like the covariance technique, is analyzed. Obtained system performances using optimal and suboptimal rotor current estimators are experimentally compared.
Multiphase rotor current observers for current predictive control: A five-phase case study
(Elsevier, 2016-04) Martín Torres, Cristina; Arahal, Manuel R.; Barrero, Federico; Durán, Mario J.; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Junta de Andalucía; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
The use of multiphase drives has gained importance in recent times due to some advantages that they provide over conventional three-phase ones. High performance stator current control can be achieved by means of direct command of voltage source inverter. In this context finite-state model predictive control is a very flexible strategy that has been recently proposed and analyzed. Nevertheless, its implementation must solve the problem of estimating rotor quantities, being the conventional solution a simple backtracking procedure. In this respect, observers appear as an attractive alternative. However, while they have been used with FOC, sensorless drives and for fault detection, they have not been used yet for predictive control of drives as a way to provide rotor values estimates. In this paper the authors propose to incorporate a full-order rotor current observer in a finite-state model predictive controller of a five-phase induction machine. Pole placement design based on Butterworth filters is used. The new estimation scheme and the standard procedure are compared. By means of experimental tests, the differences between both approaches and the benefits of including a rotor observer are illustrated and verified.
Open-Switch Fault Detection in Five-Phase Induction Motor Drives Using Model Predictive Control
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018-04) González Prieto, Ignacio; Duran, Mario J.; Ríos García, Natalia; Barrero, Federico; Martín Torres, Cristina; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
Achieving a self-reconfigurable fault-tolerant control in multiphase machines requires a fast fault detection and localization. Most fault detection techniques inherit the three-phase approach by defining fault indices in a per-phase basis. A recent approach suggests an alternative fault detection mechanism based on vector space decomposition (VSD) variables, but the study is limited to open-phase faults (OPFs) for a six-phase drive that is regulated under field-oriented control. It is known, however, that 1) the open-switch faults (OSFs) in the converter are more likely than the OPF in the machine and 2) the drive performance in the event of an open-circuit fault is more critical when model predictive control (MPC) is used. This work extends the study of the VSD fault detection method to multiphase machines with different number of phases (five), control strategy (MPC), and type of faults (OPF and OSF). Although experimental results show that MPC misbehaves after the fault occurrence, the fast detection provided by the VSD approach allows a satisfactory transition to postfault mode of operation.
Model Predictive Control of Six-Phase Induction Motor Drives Using Virtual Voltage Vectors
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018-06) González Prieto, Ignacio; Duran, Mario J.; Aciego, Juan José; Martín Torres, Cristina; Barrero, Federico; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TEP196: Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica
The most serious and recent competitor to the standard field oriented control for induction motors (IM) is the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC). Nevertheless, the extension to multiphase drives faces the impossibility to simultaneously regulate the flux/torque and the secondary current components (typically termed $x-y$ in the literature). The application of a single switching state during the whole sampling period inevitably implies the appearance of $x-y$ voltage/currents that increase the system losses and deteriorate the power quality. These circulating currents become intolerably high as per the unit $x-y$ impedance and the switching frequency diminish. Aiming to overcome this limitation, this work suggests the integration of virtual voltage vectors (VVs) into the FCS-MPC structure. The VVs ensure null $x-y$ voltages on average during the sampling period and the MPC approach selects the most suitable VV to fulfill the flux/torque requirements. The experimental results for a six-phase case study compare the standard FCS-MPC with the suggested method, confirming that the VV-based MPC maintains the flux/torque regulation and successfully improves the power quality and efficiency.
Efficient metrics for the detection of partial discharges under steep-fronted voltage pulses
(Elsevier, 2022-10) Martínez Tarifa, Juan Manuel; Granado Romero, Joaquín; Robles Muñoz, Guillermo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192: Ingeniería Electrónica
The increasing use of power electronic inverters in electrical drives is leading to the unexpected inception of partial discharges (PD) within the insulation system of electric machine stator windings. Unfortunately, the short rise and fall times of such voltages, below 100 nanoseconds in most cases, create high-magnitude conducted and radiated interferences that affect the measurements. Detecting partial discharges in these systems with inductive or electromagnetic sensors turns to be an important challenge, especially when interference and partial discharges share the same bandwidth. In this work, the authors propose a technique to detect the occurrence of PD in such systems, even when they are masked by disturbances. The proposed technique combines an analog high-pass filter stage and a digital band-pass to select a proper spectral interval. The resulting signal is converted to the base-band, where two metrics based on the peak-to-average power ratio are proposed. Experimental results obtained with the signals acquired with two antennas show that both proposed metrics exhibit a significant increase, about ten times greater, when the applied voltage exceeds the PD inception voltage. These contributions define new markers for the detection of PD events created by pulsed voltages with overlapped overshoots with promising results.
Improving partial discharges location under dispersion and multi-path propagation
(Elsevier, 2021-05) Granado Romero, Joaquín; Torralba Silgado, Antonio Jesús; Álvarez Arroyo, Cesar; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192: Ingeniería Electrónica
Dispersion and multi-path propagation distort partial discharge (PD) pulses that travel along power cables. Two new techniques to improve the location accuracy using double-ended methods are proposed: the inclusion of a pre-filter (PF), that increases the signal to noise ratio by properly selecting the filter bandwidth and the center frequency, and an echo suppression (ES) technique, that reduces the peak value of the interfering echoes. Two location algorithms (based on cross-correlation and the energy criterion function) are combined with the proposed techniques and their performances against noise, dispersion, and multi-path propagation are evaluated. Simulation results show that the proposed PF technique improves the location accuracy, even for high dispersion conditions, where the location error can be reduced down to half a meter. In addition, the proposed ES technique reduces the number of false detections in those cases where the first PD echo is close to the original PD. Experimental results confirm the benefits of the proposed PF technique, showing that, even under adverse conditions, the location error can be smaller than 1m in a 300m long cable.
Parallel Sphere Decoding Algorithm for Long Prediction Horizon FCS-MPC
(IEEE, 2022-07) Zafra Ratia, Eduardo; Vázquez Pérez, Sergio; Regalo Núñez, Carlos; Baena Lecuyer, Vicente; Márquez Alcaide, Abraham; León Galván, José Ignacio; García Franquelo, Leopoldo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Universidades. España; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC109: Tecnología Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192: Ingeniería Electrónica.
Research interest in finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) for power conversion devices is growing in recent years. Particularly, long prediction horizon FCS-MPC provides promising results in recent research works. However, its practical implementation is not generally straightforward due to its inherently large computational burden. To overcome this obstacle, the problem can be formulated as a least-squares integer program. Sphere decoding algorithm (SDA) is a branch and bound algorithm proposed in previous works as an efficient approach to solve this problem. In these works, SDA is formulated as an iterative process where simultaneous search is not possible. A parallel and fully scalable SDA design is proposed in this paper. The design is implemented in the FPGA of a modern Field Programmable System on Chip (FPSoC) platform. Thanks to the proposed parallelization, the required execution time is greatly reduced. Experimental results prove the feasibility and performance improvements of the proposed implementation.
Computationally Efficient Sphere Decoding Algorithm Based on Artificial Neural Networks for Long-Horizon FCS-MPC
(IEEE, 2024-01) Zafra Ratia, Eduardo; Granado Romero, Joaquín; Baena Lecuyer, Vicente; Vázquez Pérez, Sergio; Márquez Alcaide, Abraham; León Galván, José Ignacio; García Franquelo, Leopoldo; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España; European Union NextGenerationEU; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC109: Tecnología Electrónica; Universidad de Sevilla. TIC192: Ingeniería Electrónica.
Successful application of finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) strategies with long prediction horizon depends on the careful design of the optimization algorithm. The conventional method involves transforming the problem to an equivalent box-constrained integer least-squares (BILS) formulation that can be solved with branch-and-bound techniques such as the sphere decoding algorithm (SDA). In this work, it is proposed to define an artificial neural network (ANN) to replace the SDA, avoiding its inherent computational variability. Similarly to practical applications of the SDA, the ANN finds an approximate solution of the underlying optimization problem. In contrast, the main benefit of the proposed approach is that it can be implemented in a low-cost microprocessing platform, greatly improving the performance in terms of resources in comparison with other advanced techniques roposed in the literature.

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