Artículos (Farmacología)

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Design of a Pharmaceutical Protocol for the Evaluation of Phytotherapeutic Products
(Sociedad Española de Farmacia Clínica, Familiar y Comunitaria (SEFAC), 2026-05-13) Parra-Astorgano, Lola; Prats Mas, Rosa; Villegas Lama, Isabel; Busto Domínguez, Iván; Morales Marrero, Chaxirari C.; Roig Marín-Yaseli, Margot; López Gil, José; Farmacología
Introduction: The growing use of phytotherapy and the increasing heterogeneity of available formulations require community pharmacists to critically assess marketed products based on criteria of quality, safety, and efficacy. Objectives: To design an operational protocol to support community pharmacists in the evaluation and decision-making process regarding plant-based products. Methods: A consensus process was conducted by the SEFAC Fitoterapia Commission, involving the development and integration of structured checklists and the selection of open-access data sources. A decision tree was defined, starting from the legal classification, and an analytical framework for product evaluation was established. Finally, a rapid reporting template was designed for use in community pharmacy practice. Results: The resulting protocol provides a structured approach to the evaluation of phytotherapeutic products, organized into five sections and a rapid report. It is based on a sequential assessment of legal classification, scientific evidence, quality, safety, and patient information. Its implementation is supported by official, reliable, and openly accessible databases available to community pharmacists. Conclusions: The proposed protocol facilitates consistent and traceable pharmaceutical decision-making by integrating regulatory and scientific information into a practical and applicable tool for community pharmacy.
Hepatitis C therapy with pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals: Drug-drug interactions in drug-using HCV patients and antipsychotic-treated HCV patients
(Socidrogalcohol, 2026) Turnes, Juan; García-Herola, Antonio; Méndez, Marinela; Hernández, Cándido; Trento, Alfonsina; Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Pascual, Francisco; Hernandez, Ignacio; Farmacología
Los usuarios de drogas (UD) tienen un alto riesgo de infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), y muchos pacientes con VHC presentantrastornos psiquiátricos que requieren medicación del sistema nervioso, incluidos antipsicóticos. Estos medicamentos pueden interactuar con los antivirales de acción directa (AAD), produciendo interacciones farmacológicas (IF). En este estudio, nos centramos en las potenciales IF entre AAD y medicaciones concomitantes utilizadas en estos pacientes, así como en los eventos adversos (EA) asociados e intervenciones clínicas en España. El estudio, basado en registros electrónicos de BIG-PAC®, analizó a adultos tratados con glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) o sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) entre 2017 y 2020. Se incluyeron 1.620 pacientes con VHC, 985 UD y 187 usuarios de antipsicóticos, de los cuales el 75% también eran UD. En la cohorte UD, las comorbilidades cardiovasculares fueron más frecuentes; el 22,7% presentaba riesgo de IF con medicación cardiovascular, mayor con GLE/PIB que con SOF/VEL (36,8% vs.13,7%, p<0,001). Los EA cardiovasculares fueron más frecuentes en GLE/PIB. En la cohorte de antipsicóticos, quetiapina fue el más prescrito (26,2%), seguida de paliperidona (17,6%) y olanzapina (17,1%). El 51% de los tratados con GLE/PIB presentó riesgo de IF, frente al 23% con SOF/VEL (p<0,001). Se reportaron dos EA en GLE/PIB: un paciente con quetiapina (<300 mg/día) presentó síntomas extrapiramidales y otro con paliperidona sufrió sedación, que requirió suspensión o ajuste. Los resultados subrayan el riesgo de IF en estas cohortes, especialmente en pacientes con GLE/PIB, destacando la necesidad de un seguimiento clínico estrecho para optimizar la seguridad del tratamiento.
Enhancing Community Pharmacists' Professional Competencies and Sun-Safe Behaviors Through the FarmaSoludable Educational Program
(Springer, 0027-03-20) Pozuelo-Sánchez, Guillermo J.; de Troya-Martín, Magdalena; Rivas Ruiz, Francisco; Rodriguez-Martinez, Alba; Subert, Andras; Álvarez de Sotomayor Paz, María; Farmacología
This study examined the impact of a structured educational intervention on professional competencies in individualized photoprotection counselling and on personal sun-safe behaviors. A quasi-experimental pre–post study was conducted among community pharmacists in Seville, Spain, in 2024. The intervention consisted of a blended educational program comprising an online training course delivered by a multidisciplinary faculty and a one-day practical session. Professional counselling practices were assessed using the Counselling Habits in Individualized Photoprotection questionnaire, while personal habits, attitudes, and knowledge related to photoprotection were evaluated using the Habits, Attitudes, and Knowledge in Photoprotection questionnaire. Data were collected at baseline and after completion of the intervention, and analyses included descriptive and comparative pre–post statistics, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. A total of 116 pharmacists completed the baseline professional assessment and 80 the post-intervention, while 125 and 85 pharmacists completed the personal behavior questionnaire, respectively. Professional competencies improved significantly, including identification of skin cancer risk factors (45.2% to 72.2%), promotion of skin self-examination (31.6% to 65.8%), and adaptation of counselling to occupational sun exposure (p < 0.001). Knowledge scores increased from 6.03 to 7.07 (p < 0.001). Personal sun-safe behaviors also improved, including sunscreen use, regular reapplication, and reduced sunburn frequency. Knowledge of early skin cancer detection criteria increased markedly (ABCDE rule: 61.5% to 100%; ugly duckling sign: 27.9% to 98.8%; p < 0.001). The FarmaSoludable educational program improved professional competencies and personal preventive behaviors, supporting pharmacists’ roles as behavioral role models and educators for community knowledge transfer.
Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Chalcones and Flavanones from the Leaves of Corema album (L.) D. Don
(MDPI, 2026-03-28) Canoyra, Antonio; Acero, Nuria; Muñoz-Mingarro, Dolores; León González, Antonio José; Espartero Sánchez, José Luis; Martín Cordero, Carmen; Farmacología; Química Orgánica; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
first_pageDownload PDFsettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Chalcones and Flavanones from the Leaves of Corema album (L.) D. Don by Antonio Canoyra 1ORCID,Nuria Acero 1ORCID,Dolores Muñoz-Mingarro 2ORCID,Antonio J. León-González 3ORCID,José Luis Espartero 4ORCID andCarmen Martín-Cordero 3,*ORCID 1 Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, San Pablo-CEU University, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain 2 Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Pharmacy Faculty, San Pablo-CEU University, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain 3 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/P. García González, 2, 41012 Seville, Spain 4 Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Biomolecules 2026, 16(4), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16040509 Submission received: 22 February 2026 / Revised: 15 March 2026 / Accepted: 25 March 2026 / Published: 28 March 2026 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals: Bioactivity in Disease Prevention, Anti-Inflammation, and Animal/Human Health) Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Review Reports Versions Notes Abstract In a preliminary screening of phytochemical compounds from Andalusian vascular plants, the ethyl acetate extract obtained from the leaves of Corema album (L.) D. Don (Ericaceae) was selected due to its cytotoxic activity. Eight phenolic compounds were isolated from this extract: four chalcones (2′,4′-dihydroxydihydrochalcone, 2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone, 2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxydihydrochalcone, 2′-methoxy-4′-hydroxydihydrochalcone) and four flavanones (pinocembrin, 6-methylpinocembrin, 6,8-dimethylpinocembrin and 7-O-prenylpinocembrin). Their structures were elucidated using 1H NMR and 13C NMR data, including 2D NMR, as well as mass spectrometry. These compounds were evaluated using the MTT cytotoxicity assay against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and renal adenocarcinoma (ACHN) cell lines. The chalcone 2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone exhibited greater cytotoxicity than the corresponding 2′,4′-dihydroxydihydrochalcone in both cell lines. The IC50 values (µM ± SEM) were 13.31 ± 0.48 and 9.43 ± 0.34 for the chalcone, and 62.23 ± 1.06 and 54.68 ± 1.62 for the dihydrochalcone, respectively. The introduction of methyl groups at positions 6 and 8 of pinocembrin increased cytotoxicity in the ACHN cell line. The IC50 values (µM ± SEM) were 91.28 ± 3.03 for pinocembrin, 64.36 ± 0.53 for 6-methylpinocembrin, and 28.74 ± 0.35 for 6,8-dimethylpinocembrin. These results highlight the leaves of C. album as a promising source of chalcones and flavanones with pharmacological interest.
Capacity, motivation, and opportunity model-derived taxonomy of pharmacist-led interventions applicable to people self-managing cancer medication
(Frontiers Media, 2026-03-09) Ribeiro, Joana; Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Alves da Costa, Filipa; Farmacología
Introduction: With health systems facing increasing challenges, it is important to define new care models that may release some of the burden on the workforce, whilst maintaining quality and improving patient convenience. The objective of this study was to create a taxonomy of pharmacist-led interventions aimed at supporting improved health outcomes of people self-managing cancer medication. Methods: The list was developed following a literature search conducted in Cochrane Library and MEDLINE (PubMed) databases. The Capacity, Motivation and Opportunity (CMO) model developed for people living with HIV was used as theoretical framework to organise the pharmacist-led interventions emerging from literature. A panel of experts (hospital pharmacists with experience in oncology) selected through national hospital pharmacy societies was invited to participate in a consensusseeking Delphi survey, focusing on the most important and feasible interventions. Results: A total of 28 experts answered and rated 39 interventions. Whilst 35 of the proposed pharmacist-led interventions were considered important (median score above 8, on a scale of 1 to 9, without disagreement among experts), only eight were considered feasible for implementation in practice. The most frequently mentioned reasons for others not to be feasible were understaffing and excessive workload. Nevertheless, there were interventions considered vital for patients’ care and hence kept in the final taxonomy. Discussion: Future hospital-based studies should incorporate this taxonomy based on the CMO model to measure pharmacists’ interventions in real clinical practice.
UGT2B17 as a predictive biomarker of complete pathological response in HER2 + breast cancer
(Springer, 2026-03-06) Gil Torralvo, Ana; Domínguez Cejudo, María Ángeles; Molina Pinelo, Sonia; Garrigós, Carmen; Benavent Viñuales, Marta; Falcón, Alejandro; Cejuela, Mónica; Rodríguez Alonso, Beatriz; Pascual, Javier; Ruíz Borrego, Manuel; Salvador Bofill, Francisco Javier; Farmacología; Junta de Andalucía; Roche Farma España
Background Pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant therapy is a robust surrogate marker for long-term outcomes in breast cancer. Despite major advances with targeted therapies, a significant proportion of patients fail to achieve pCR, underscoring the urgent need for reliable biomarkers that can predict treatment response and guide patient stratification. Methods We conducted a two-phase study including 53 patients with HER2-positive, hormone receptor–negative breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus anti-HER2 agents. Transcriptomic profiling (discovery cohort, n = 13) identified differentially expressed genes associated with therapeutic response, which were validated by qPCR in an independent cohort (n = 40). Functional enrichment analysis was performed to explore the biological pathways underlying the differential response. Results Differential expression analysis revealed 6251 genes associated with response, with significant enrichment in xenobiotic metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways. Within these, members of the UGT2B family (UGT2B10, UGT2B17, UGT2B28) were overexpressed in non-responders. Validation confirmed UGT2B17 (p = 0.023, AUC = 0.699, sensitivity 77.2%, specificity 64.5%) and UGT2B28 (p = 0.046, AUC = 0.677) as predictive biomarkers of resistance to neoadjuvant therapy. UGT2B17 showing the highest discriminative value. Conclusions UGT2B17 overexpression is associated with resistance to neoadjuvant therapy in HER2-positive breast cancer, supporting its potential role as a predictive biomarker. Integration of UGT2B17 into molecular panels could improve patient stratification and guide personalized therapeutic strategies in this subtype.
A Multidimensional Framework for Pharmaceutical Care to Enhance Medication Adherence and Patient Engagement: The CMO–MAPEX Model
(Dove Press, 2026-02-27) Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Ibarra-Barrueta, O.; Martín Conde, María Teresa; Vicente Escrig, Esther; Contreras Macías, Enrique; Farmacología
Purpose: This study aimed to develop Capacity–Motivation–Opportunity MAPEX (CMO–MAPEX), a multidimensional, patientcentred and operational framework to guide medication-adherence support in outpatient pharmaceutical care. Methods: A six-stage framework-development process was undertaken. First, a narrative scoping synthesis identified behavioural, experiential and organisational determinants of medication adherence relevant to outpatient pharmaceutical care. Second, key constructs were extracted and coded into a shared analytic matrix. Third, framework analysis was applied to cluster constructs into higher-order domains. Fourth, an integrative synthesis aligned the emergent CMO structure with evidence on adherence, treatment burden, patient experience and hybrid-care models. Fifth, the conceptual architecture was translated into a structured clinical workflow incorporating CMO-based assessment, a three-level complexity stratification system, domain-specific intervention families and hybrid follow-up rules. Finally, a multidisciplinary expert panel reviewed and refined the framework to ensure ecological validity and feasibility in routine practice. Results: The analysis yielded a stable three-domain structure—Capacity, Motivation and Opportunity—capturing patients’ ability to manage treatment, their beliefs and emotional readiness, and the contextual conditions enabling or hindering adherence. These domains were operationalised through assessment indicators, complexity-based stratification, targeted intervention mapping and longitudinal hybrid-care pathways. Patient-reported outcome and experience measures were embedded as core components to monitor treatment burden, preferences and experience, and to support dynamic re-stratification and adjustment of follow-up intensity over time. Conclusion: CMO–MAPEX provides a pragmatic and scalable framework that translates adherence theory into patient-centred pharmaceutical care. By integrating behavioural determinants, patient experience and hybrid-care organisation within a single operational structure, it offers a reproducible approach to tailoring adherence support according to patient preferences and complexity in outpatient settings.
Phytochemistry and Wound-Healing, Enzyme-Inhibitory, and Antifungal Activities of the Wild Forage Legume Lotus rectus L.
(MDPI, 2026) González Vázquez, Manuel; Quílez Guerrero, Ana María; Zuzarte, Mónica; Salgueiro, Lígia; Alves-Silva, Jorge; Puerta Vázquez, Rocío de la; Farmacología; Fundación La Caixa; Foundation for Science and Technology (FST)
Lotus rectus L. is an underexplored forage legume with reported traditional uses in skinrelated conditions. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of its aqueous leaf extract (LRAE) and to explore its bioactivity in vitro. Phytochemical characterization was carried out using spectrophotometric assays and UHPLC-HRMS/MS. Cytocompatibility was assessed by the resazurin assay in HaCaT keratinocytes and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, while wound-healing potential was evaluated using a scratch assay. Enzyme inhibitory activities (xanthine oxidase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase) were determined spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using chemical assays (DPPH and ABTS), biologically relevant reactive oxygen species, and metal chelation assays. Antifungal activity was evaluated against clinically relevant yeasts and dermatophytes using standardized macrodilution methods. LRAE showed a relatively high content of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, particularly flavonol glycosides. The extract was cytocompatible at all tested concentrations and showed an increased closure of the scratched area in vitro. It exhibited antioxidant activity and inhibited xanthine oxidase, while more moderate effects were observed for collagenase and tyrosinase, and minimal activity was detected against hyaluronidase. Antifungal activity was limited, with modest effects observed only against selected dermatophytes at high concentrations. Overall, these findings provide preliminary in vitro evidence of bioactivity associated with the traditional use of this species, supporting further investigation to better characterize the biological relevance of this understudied species
Phytotherapy in Community Pharmacy: Legal Aspects, Uses, and Interactions
(SEFAC, 2025) Busto Domínguez, Iván; López Gil, José; Parra Astorgano, María Dolores; Prats Mas, Rosa; Roig M, Margarita; Villegas Lama, Isabel; Farmacología
Phytotherapy, an ancient practice based on the use of plant-based products, has recently seen a strong resurgence, driven by a growing preference for “natural” products. In the context of community pharmacy, it is presented as an alternative or complement to conventional treatments, especially for mild or chronic conditions, or as an adjuvant for serious illnesses. However, its use is not without risks, due to the variability in the composition of marketed products, the pharmacological action of their active ingredients, and the lack of uniform regulatory framework. There are different legal categories for these products, depending on their composition, indication, and scientific backing. Some, such as dietary supplements and medical devices, are available without medical supervision despite containing active ingredients used in prescription medications. In this context, the community pharmacist plays an essential role in patient counseling and promoting the rational and safe use of phytopharmaceuticals. In Spain, 192 authorized plant-based active ingredients are currently identified, underscoring the importance of their proper management in healthcare practice. Although generally well tolerated, these products are not free from adverse effects, especially in vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, children, the elderly, immunosuppressed individuals, and patients on multiple medications. Furthermore, they can generate significant interactions. Therefore, their dispensing and recommendation require specialized and up-to-date knowledge on the part of the pharmacist, thus ensuring a safe and effective therapeutic approach.
Fiebre del Nilo y Viruela del mono: comparativa de dos enfermedades víricas de actualidad
(2025) Milla Ibáñez, Marta; Pajuelo Domínguez, Eloísa; Microbiología y Parasitología
Las enfermedades víricas emergentes y resurgentes presentan una amenaza cada vez mayor para la salud pública global, favorecidas e impulsadas por factores como el cambio climático, la globalización, determinados comportamientos humanos o la destrucción de hábitats naturales, entre otros. En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado se lleva a cabo una revisión comparativa entre el Virus del Nilo Occidental (VNO) y el Virus de la Viruela del Mono (MPXV), dos agentes etiológicos de dos enfermedades con un reciente y notable impacto epidemiológico en España, especialmente en Andalucía. Ambos virus comparten la capacidad de provocar un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas, que van desde formas leves hasta cuadros graves con complicaciones. El VNO, virus de ARN del género Flavivirus, se transmite principalmente a través de mosquitos del género Cu/ex, manteniéndose en un ciclo zoonótico entre aves y vectores, mientras que el MPXV, virus de ADN del género Orthopoxvirus, se transmite mediante el contacto directo con lesiones cutáneas o mucosas, fluidos corporales o relaciones sexuales, especialmente relevante en los brotes recientes. A nivel molecular, ambos virus presentan una serie de proteínas clave que constituyen potenciales dianas terapéuticas, lo que abre opciones para el desarrollo de fármacos, tratamientos antivirales específicos, vacunas y estrategias profilácticas. Actualmente no existen vacunas humanas específicas para ninguno de los dos virus, aunque para el VNO si existen vacunas veterinarias, mientras que para el MPXV se emplean vacunas desarrolladas para la víruela humana. En esta revisión se destacan las diferencias entre los dos agentes patógenos en cuanto a su estructura, transmisión, epidemiología, patogenia y estrategias de control. Se enfatiza la necesidad de unos enfoques diferenciados para cada uno de ellos en salud pública para fortalecer la vigilancia epidemiológica, las estrategias de prevención y control de las enfermedades. Se concluye con la importancia de una adecuada educación sanitaria, vigilancia epidemiológica, control vectorial e investigación de tratamientos y vacunas específicas.
Impact of a CMO-Based Pharmaceutical Care Model on 3-HIT Criteria in Older People Living with HIV: The DIS3HIT Project
(Dove Medical Press LTD, 2026) Roldán Galnares, María; Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Robustillo Cortes, María de las Aguas; Vélez-Díaz-Pallarés, Manuel; Company Albir, María José; Proy Vega, Beatriz; Losa López, Laura; Marín Ventura, Laura; Ferris Villanueva, María; Gutiérrez, Esperanza; Farmacología
Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) are increasingly affected by ageing-related issues, including multimorbidity and polypharmacy, which heighten the risk of drug-related problems. The 3-HIT phenomenon— defined as the simultaneous presence of high pharmacotherapeutic complexity, clinically relevant drug–drug interactions, and poor adherence to concomitant medication— represents a significant challenge in the care of older PLWH. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity (CMO) pharmaceutical care model on reducing the prevalence of the 3-HIT criteria in PLWH aged ≥50 years and to assess pharmacotherapeutic goal achievement according to patient stratification. Methods: A prospective, multicentre intervention study was conducted in nine Spanish hospitals (March 2023–March 2024), including PLWH aged ≥50 on antiretroviral and concomitant therapy. Participants were stratified into three levels of pharmaceutical care according to the CMO model (Capacity, Motivation, Opportunity). Clinical, virological, and pharmacotherapeutic data were collected at baseline and week 24. Interventions were tailored to individual needs and stratification level. Results: Among 154 participants (mean age 62.6 years (SD: 7.47); 75.3% male), the predominance of male participants was consistent with the demographic profile of ageing PLWH cohorts in Spain. Polypharmacy was highly prevalent (96.1%), and 17.5% of participants simultaneously met all three 3-HIT criteria at baseline. After 24 weeks, 3-HIT prevalence decreased significantly to 9.4% (p<0.05), with marked improvements in adherence to concomitant medication (from 50% to 76.6%). The proportion of individuals achieving at least one pharmacotherapeutic goal increased from 58.4% at baseline to 73.8% at follow-up. The intervention was associated with sustained pharmaceutical actions, particularly regarding adherence support, treatment validation, and care coordination. Conclusion: Implementation of a structured, stratified pharmaceutical care model based on the CMO methodology significantly reduces 3-HIT prevalence in older PLWH, primarily through improved adherence to concomitant medication, while maintaining virological control. These findings support the inclusion of CMO-based approaches in clinical practice to optimise pharmacotherapy and improve outcomes in ageing HIV populations
Molecular Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Galactosylglycerides and Galactosylceramides from the Microalga Isochrysis galbana
(ACS, 2016-10-27) de los Reyes, Carolina; Ortega, María J.; Rodríguez Luna, Azahara María; Talero Barrientos, Elena Mª; Motilva Sánchez, Virginia; Zubía, Eva; Farmacología; European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)
Isochrysis galbana is a marine microalga rich in PUFAs that is widely used as feed in aquaculture and more recently investigated for its potential in food applications and as source of bioactive compounds. In this study, the biomass obtained from cultures of I. galbana has been investigated to determine its content in glycosylglycerides and glycosylceramides. By using NMR, UPLC-MS/MS, and fatty acid profiles, the structures of ten monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs 1–10) and nine digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs 11–19) have been established. Two distinctive features of the galactosylglycerides from I. galbana are the wide presence of highly unsaturated acyl chains derived from stearidonic acid (18:4Δ6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z) and octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5Δ3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z), as well as the unusual coexistence of αβ-DGDGs and ββ-DGDGs. Three new galactosylceramides, isogalbamides A-C (20–22), have also been isolated and characterized by NMR and MS/MS. These metabolites, which are the first galactosylceramides described from microalgae, derive from unprecedented tetraolefinic sphingoid bases. In anti-inflammatory assays, the MGDG and DGDG mixtures and the isolated DGDGs 11 and 12 showed significant activity as inhibitors of the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages, while the galactosylceramides showed moderated activity.
Herramienta de estratificación de riesgo para la atención farmacéutica al paciente con enfermedad cardiovascular
(Elsevier, 2025-08-27) Dios Lopez, Anna de; Vicente Escrig, Esther; Sempere Serrano, Paloma; Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Vallejo, Cristina Díez; Guijarro Herrera, Sara; Ibáñez García, Sara; Linares Alarcón, Aránzazu; Martín Conde, José Antonio; Pelegrín Cruz, Rebeca; Farmacología
Objetivo: desarrollar una herramienta de estratificación de riesgo para la atención farmacéutica de pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular que requieran un abordaje farmacéutico integral y personalizado. Método: el modelo de estratificación de riesgo se desarrolló de forma colaborativa por farmacéuticos hospitalarios especializados en la atención de pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular, miembros de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria. Mediante 3 talleres y un estudio piloto se definieron las variables relevantes, que se agruparon en 4 dimensiones y se les asignaron pesos relativos. En el estudio piloto se recogieron y analizaron los datos de los pacientes de los centros participantes para determinar los niveles de prioridad y evaluar la contribución de cada variable. Se siguió el modelo piramidal de Kaiser Permanente, clasificando a los pacientes en 3 niveles: prioridad 1 (atención farmacéutica intensiva, percentil 90), prioridad 2 (percentiles 60–90) y prioridad 3 (por debajo del percentil 60). Los puntos de corte se establecieron en función de esta estratificación y cada centro registró las variables en una hoja de Excel para calcular las puntuaciones medias de peso por nivel de prioridad y la puntuación total de riesgo. Resultados: los centros participantes completaron un cuestionario compuesto por 20 variables agrupadas en 4 dimensiones: demográfica; sociosanitaria y estado funcional; clínica y utilización de servicios sanitarios; y relacionada con el tratamiento. A partir de un estudio preprueba se definieron los siguientes puntos de corte: 23 o más puntos para la prioridad 1, de 17 a 22 puntos para la prioridad 2 y menos de 16 para la prioridad 3. Se observó que más del 80% de la puntuación total se fundamentó en las dimensiones de «utilización de servicios clínicos y sanitarios» y «relacionada con el tratamiento». En consecuencia, se recomendaron intervenciones basadas en el modelo de atención farmacéutica para los pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular, adaptadas a su nivel de priorización. Conclusión: la herramienta permite identificar a los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular que requieren un mayor nivel de atención farmacéutica, facilitando el ajuste eficiente de la capacidad asistencial. Es necesaria su validación en una población representativa para establecer su efectividad y promover su adopción en la práctica clínica.
Epigenetic regulation by oleacein mitigates IL-1β-induced inflammation in human SW982 synovial cells
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2026) Muñoz García, Rocío; Paredes Sánchez, María; Alarcón de la Lastra Romero, Catalina; Sánchez Hidalgo, Marina; Farmacología; European Union (UE); Junta de Andalucía
Inflammatory arthritis is a term used to describe a diverse group of rheumatic disorders involving the inflammation and hyperproliferation of synovial joints and systemic manifestations. Oleacein (OLA) is one of the most abundant secoiridoids in extra virgin olive oil, the principal source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, which has been shown to exhibit beneficial effects. The objective of the study was to explore the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects induced by OLA in a human cell line of synovial cells (SW982), as well as to evaluate its possible role as an epigenetic modulator through the regulation of DNA methylation. Sulforhodamine B assay was utilised to assess cell viability. The levels of inflammatory marker production (MMP-1, MMP-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2) were evaluated by ELISA, and IL-8 gene expression was analysed by RT-qPCR. The expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes, including COX-2 and mPGES-1, and signaling pathways (MAPK, NF-κB, Keap1/Nrf-2/HO-1 and inflammasome) were evaluated by western blotting. In addition, global DNA methylation was analysed by ELISA, and we studied the gene expression of DNMT1/3A enzymes by RT-qPCR. OLA exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through the regulation of key inflammatory signaling pathways such as inflammasome, MAPK, NF-κB, and the Keap1/Nrf-2/HO-1 axis. In addition, it reduced the production and expression of pro-inflammatory markers (COX-2, mPGES-1, MMP-1, MMP-3, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2) and regulated IL-1β-induced changes in DNA methylation modulating DNMT1 and DNMT3 gene expression and global DNA methylation. These results show OLA as a promising epigenetic regulator of the inflammatory response in rheumatic diseases.
Desarrollo y validación de un modelo predictivo para la identificación de pacientes infectados por el VIH con problemas relacionados con los medicamentos. Estudio predictor
(Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria, 2012-08-09) Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Martín Conde, María Teresa; Valverde Merino, M.P.; Illaro Uranga, Aitziber; Ventura Cerdá, J.M.; Serrano López de las Hazas, Joaquín Ignacio; Plata Paniagua, S.; Ibarra Barrueta, Olatz; Moriel Sánchez, C.; Ortega Valín, L.; Fernández Palacín, Ana; Almeida González, Carmen V.; Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Farmacología; CTS312: Análisis de la Demanda Sanitaria
Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar un modelo predictivo para la detección de problemas relacionados con los medicamentos (PRM) en pacientes con tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR), durante su seguimiento periódico en consultas de atención farmacéutica (AF) y previamente a la dispensación. Método: Estudio multicéntrico, abierto, prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes infectados por el VIH con y sin PRM. Para el diseño del modelo se incluyeron variables demográficas, clínicas y farmacoterapéuticas (relacionadas o no con el TAR). Para encontrar factores pronósticos de PRM, se realizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria tras un análisis univariante, el cual identificó variables independientes relacionadas con PRM que fueron introducidas en el modelo multivariante para la selección final. La validez del modelo se determinó por el método Shrinkage y la capacidad discriminatoria por el estadístico C-Harrell. Resultados: Se incluyeron 733 pacientes. Las variables «adherencia», «prescripción de fármacos con necesidad de ajuste posológico» y «número de medicamentos totales prescritos (al margen del TAR)» se relacionaban de manera independiente con la aparición de PRM. Las probabilidades predichas por el modelo, personalizando los coeficientes por el método shrinkage uniforme mostraron un valor R2 = 0,962 para la muestra de construcción y R2 = 0,872 para la de validación. La capacidad discriminatoria del modelo fue de 0,816 para la muestra de construcción y 0,779 para la de validación. Conclusiones: El modelo predictivo desarrollado y validado permite la detección de pacientes con tratamiento antirretroviral y con mayor riesgo de sufrir un PRM. Las variables predictoras utilizadas se corresponden con las manejadas habitualmente en la historia farmacoterapéutica del paciente, permitiendo su empleo sistemático en la práctica asistencial.
Thalidomide with peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin in the treatment of non-responders genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients: proof of concept
(Aran ediciones, S A, 2011-12) Pardo-Yules, Benjamín; Gallego Durán, Rocío; Eslam, Mohammed; García-Collado, Carlos; Grande, Lourdes; Paradas, Carmen; Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Dorantes, Benito; Romero Gómez, Manuel; Medicina; Farmacología
Background: fewer than half of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) achieve sustained viral clearance after peginterferon alfa/ribavirin (Peg-IFN/RBV) therapy. Aims: thalidomide posses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties through inhibition of tumor necrosis factor and costimulatory effect on human CD8+ T cells. Methods: we started a prospective, open label trial of retreatment of very-difficult-to-treat genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients (CHC) patients, who had failed to respond to the (Peg-IFN/RBV), with a triple therapy consisting in these same antivirals plus thalidomide 200 mg/day (the TRITAL study). Results: none of the eleven patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria and included in the trial reached complete early virological response or sustained virological response. Viral load decline after 12 weeks of triple therapy thalidomide-based retreatment did not differ from viral dynamics during the first course. The triple therapy was well tolerated and only one patient developed mild bilateral neuropathy. Conclusions: thalidomide addition to standard therapy is tolerated and did not increase the SVR rate in very-difficult-to-treat genotype 1 CHC patients. Different schedules are warranted to improve attempting retreatment of non responder CHC patients.
Potent Nrf2-Inducing C6-Isothiocyanate Glucose Derivatives with Dual Antioxidant and Antitumor Activity
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-01-18) Prieto, Luis Alberto; Khiar-Fernández, Nora; Calderón-Ruiz, Rocío; Giraud, Emelyne; Calderón Montaño, José Manuel; Lucia-Tamudo, Jesús; León, Rafael; Pérez Simón, José Antonio; López Lázaro, Miguel; Torre, Elena de la; Valdivia Giménez, Victoria Esther; Fernández Fernández, Inmaculada; Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica; Medicina; Farmacología; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are well-known electrophilic agents with antioxidant and anticancer properties, largely attributed to their ability to activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Building on previous work with C1-ITC glycosyl derivatives, we designed and synthesized a new series of S-glycosyl isothiocyanates in which the ITC group was repositioned to the C6 carbon of the glucose scaffold. This structural rearrangement yielded stable and synthetically accessible derivatives with markedly enhanced biological profiles. Several compounds showed potent Nrf2 activation at non-cytotoxic concentrations, with CD values comparable to or exceeding those of natural ITCs. In parallel, the new C6-ITC derivatives displayed significant antiproliferative activity against leukemia and solid tumor cell lines. Among them, the phenylsulfone derivative 13 emerged as a particularly promising dual-action molecule, combining strong Nrf2 induction with low-micromolar cytotoxicity. Molecular docking was used as a hypothesis-generating approach and suggested a possible interaction with the STAT3 SH2 domain, although further studies are needed to validate this target. Overall, these results support glucose-based ITCs as a versatile platform for the development of multifunctional antioxidants with complementary anticancer properties.
Validation of a Scorecard of Quality and Activity Indicators for Telepharmacy Pharmaceutical Care Services in Spanish Hospitals
(Taylor & Francis, 2025-05-07) Margusino-Framiñán, L.; Ibarra-Barrueta, O.; Mangues-Bafalluy, I.; Monte-Boquet, E.; Sanmartín-Fenollera, P.; Talens-Bolós, A.; Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Farmacología
Purpose: Telepharmacy must be monitored within a quality management system in order to guarantee the efficiency, safety and quality of the activities it encompasses. The Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy has proposed the first scorecard of quality and activity indicators for Telepharmacy (TIS). The objective of this project is to validate this TIS for its implementation in hospital pharmacy services. Material and Methods: The project was developed in 4 phases: elaboration of the validation questionnaire/validation criteria; selection of hospitals where the study will be carried out; completion of the validation questionnaire by the selected hospitals; analysis of the results, a proposal of conclusions, and preparation of the final document. The validation criteria were performed using the RAND/UCLA methodology for each of the 5 TIS characteristics: holistic, practical, quantitative, usability, and continuous improvement. Characteristics were considered validated when the median was found to be within the score range 5– 9 and at least 2/3 (66.66%) of the respondents scored in the range containing the median. Results: Forty-four hospitals were included and the responses related to TIS characteristics were: holistic=8.2 and 98.5% of responses > 5; practical=7.9 and 98.9% of responses > 5; quantitative=7.9 and 98.6% of responses > 5; usability=6.9 and 87.37% of responses > 5; continuous improvement= 7.9 and 100% of responses > 5. Discussion: TIS has been validated for use in hospital pharmacy services and its tools and supporting documents are very useful and comprehensive. Hospital informatics systems are needed to allow efficient extraction of the data necessary to obtain the TIS indices.
Defining partial response in inflammatory bowel disease: a Delphi consensus and economic evaluation
(SAGE Publishing, 2025) Rodríguez Lago, Iago; Menchén, Luis; Sánchez-Hernández, José Germán; Guardiola, Jordi; Merino Bohórquez, Vicente; Garcillán, Beatriz; Moreno-Cubero, Elia; Vispo, Eugenia; Domènech, Eugeni; Farmacología; Gobierno Vasco-Eusko Jaurlaritza
Background: Therapeutic goals in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are constantly evolving due to novel medical options and diagnostic tools, yet unmet clinical needs persist. Objectives: We aimed to establish a consensus definition for partial responders in clinical practice, considered as patients failing to meet defined objectives within the desired time frame. Design: A two-round Delphi consultation was held with IBD-specialized gastroenterologists. Methods: The 22-item questionnaire covered four clinical scenarios: (1) moderate ulcerative colitis (UC); (2) acute severe UC; (3) luminal Crohn’s disease (CD); and (4) perianal CD. Consensus was defined when ⩾70% of panellists agreed with a statement, rated using a 7-point Likert scale. We also analysed the associated annual costs for partial responders and patients in remission according to the agreed long-term definitions, based on a literature review and the experience of the scientific committee. Medication costs were excluded from the analysis. Results: Sixty Spanish gastroenterologists with extensive experience in IBD management participated in the consultation. Consensus was achieved on partial response definitions with different criteria over time, including clinical scores, biomarkers and imaging or endoscopic examinations. The annual cost for partial responders and patients in remission was estimated at €2570.40 and €820.20 for UC, €1607.30 and €718.0 for luminal CD and €2886.70 and €888.80 for perianal CD, respectively. Conclusion: The concept of partial responders has been defined in four clinical scenarios. Patients achieving prolonged remission could provide 55%–70% savings in non-pharmacological resource use and associated costs. Our study could help healthcare professionals in decision-making, ultimately improving patient care.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Real-Time Prescription Alert System to Optimize Antiretroviral Therapy and Medication Adherence in People Living with HIV. SANPAT PROJECT
(Dovepress, 2025-11-07) Morillo Verdugo, Ramón Alejandro; Contreras-Macías, Enrique; Márquez-Saavedra, Esther; Robustillo-Cortés, María de las Aguas; Romero Gil, Eloy; Contreras-Macías, Enrique; Farmacología
Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and implementation impact of “Alert System for New Prescriptions and Therapeutic Adherence Monitoring” (SANPAT), a real-time prescription alert system embedded in a structured pharmaceutical care model, aimed at optimizing antiretroviral therapy (ART) and improving medication adherence in people living with HIV (PLWH). Patients and Methods: A quasi-experimental, before-and-after study was conducted in a hospital outpatient pharmaceutical care unit in Andalusia, Spain. Patients aged ≥ 50 years receiving ART were included if they had polypharmacy (≥ 6 concurrent medications) or demonstrated poor adherence. The pre-intervention period (Feb 2023–Jan 2024) relied on standard care without alerts. The post-intervention period (Feb 2024–Jan 2025) incorporated SANPAT, enabling pharmacists to receive real-time alerts for new prescriptions and adherence risks. Pharmaceutical interventions were classified using a validated Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity (CMO)-based taxonomy, and implementation was evaluated using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation y Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Results: A total of 153 patients were included (84 pre- and 69 post-intervention). The number of pharmacist interventions increased markedly post-intervention (from 84 to 877 events), especially in adherence support (0.0% to 47.2%) (p< 0.001) and medication error prevention (0.0% to 34.7%) (p< 0.001). The frequency of polypharmacy and major polypharmacy increased, while immunovirological risk markers improved (CD4 cell count< 200 cells/μL decreased from 15.0% to 4.3%; detectable viral load from 20.3% to 3.6%) (p< 0.001). The RE-AIM evaluation demonstrated broad reach, high adoption, improved implementation metrics, and early signs of long-term sustainability. Conclusion: SANPAT significantly enhanced the timely identification and resolution of pharmacotherapeutic risks in PLWH, supporting personalized interventions and optimizing ART management. Its integration within existing electronic prescribing populations.platforms and structured care models represents a scalable strategy to improve medication safety in aging and complex patients.

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