Astrágalo. Cultura de la Arquitectura y la Ciudad. Núm. 29 (2021)

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/130165

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Boxed in: Challenges of Escaping the Inherited Spatial Realities of Apartheid from the Centre to the Periphery
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Ramatlo, Tebogo
This paper interrogates the existing spatial realities of Johannesburg as it was shaped by colonialism and the challenges of providing an inclusive urbanism between the centre, the periphery and the in-between. Johannesburg is a major urban centre in South Africa, with increasing economic and spatial inequality. The inherited spatial realities are still evident today; these structural realities are restrictive, unsustainable, and disadvantage communities ecologically, economically and socially. The paper is premised on an understanding that economic inequality is related to spatial inequality. The author draws on the personal lived experiences of being born on the periphery and the limitations of escaping the legacies of colonial spatial planning including the challenges of living on fragmented urban morphology. The author looks at the typology of the segregated post-apartheid township and the negative elements of apartheids spatial planning, especially focused on the restrictions it has on housing, employment opportunities, transport and public space on the periphery in comparison to the centre and how the in-between spaces further perpetuate socio-economic disparity. The author attempts through research to understand the resilience adopted by the Soweto community to have a safe and welcoming place despite the persistence of structural restrictions. The intention is to address the fragmentation and segregation caused by the inherited spatial structures. The planning of colonial cities, especially Johannesburg was based on achieving maximum control. The urban morphology was many times based on policies that organised people through race, class, and ethnicity.Its spatial planning was defined by separating citizens into different racial groups and economic classes. The rich white people located in the suburbs in the centre and the poor black people located in townships at the periphery separated by wide natural and man-made buffers in-between. The urban morphology of Johannesburg will be studied with a comparison analysis with other African cities which have similar patterns of spatial fragmentation in urban form due to colonial powers. The aim is to observe, compare and propose a defragmentation process towards the transformation of Johannesburg
Barcelona: haec omnia – divisa – tibi dabo…: cohesión y división en la evolución (geo)urbana de una ciudad ambivalentemente compacta
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Gausa Navarro, Manuel
Desde la cima del Tibidabo Barcelona se ha presentado, durante muchos años, como un Todo unitario (haec omnia tibi dabo…Todo esto te daré, Mateo 4:9): una masa compacta, sensiblemente regular, extendida entre los dos ríos laterales y el mar (los límites que, en el pasado, habían delimitado su geografía). Incluso con el salto de escala reciente Barcelona ha conservado su aparente claridad estructural, a pesar de los procesos difusos que han caracterizado estas últimas décadas. Sin embargo, bajo esa aparente “unidad/uniformidad”, civil y cívica, Barcelona ha sido siempre una ciudad dividida, tanto en lo físico como en lo social. Lo más sorprendente de esa división es su carácter sistémico a lo largo del tiempo, al coincidir –en cada periodo– “división sociocultural” y “división física” en ciertos espacios de límite claramente reconocibles en la propia estructura urbana y en su propio desarrollo (desde la ciudad romana y medieval hasta la ciudad industrial y postindustrial o la ciudad informacional contemporánea). En este texto se revisan diversos ejemplos suficientemente explícitos en los que la paradójica ecuación unidad-división ha marcado la historia (mesuradamente contradictoria y dual) de una ciudad abierta y cerrada, doméstica y cosmopolita, liberal y conservadora, ambiciosa y temerosa, emprendedora y auto-referencial; una ciudad en la que, en sus mejores momentos, las dos caras de la moneda –los conocidos seny (sentido común) y rauxa (rabia emocional)– habrían dejado paso a una tercera vía, la empenta (el empuje, racional y creativo) capaz de superar solercias e inercias, convenciones, y divisiones
London: Planning Integrated Communities
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Bishop, Peter
The term ‘regeneration’ has become ubiquitous in urban planning and is often used loosely to describe many urban interventions, including those of a purely commercial nature that renew (and often destroy) urban fabric purely for private profit. There is nothing inherently wrong with development for profit, but regeneration should imply something subtler, complex and multi-faceted. If, as urban practitioners, we ignore the social dimension of urban change and fail to redress existing imbalances then we are complicit in perpetuating social inequalities. Urban regeneration should be driven by an agenda to improve social wellbeing. As practitioners we have a moral imperative to address inequalities and develop design strategies to remove barriers to social integration, real or perceived. On the surface, London appears to be a multi-cultural city without the political or stark socio-spatial divisions that are seen, for example, in the banlieues of Paris. There are wealthier and poorer neighbourhoods of course but, due to its history and post war planning policies, most neighbourhoods are socially mixed. The divisions in London, however, are subtler and fine grained. The city is open (and indeed there are few, if any areas that are too dangerous to enter) but perceived barriers exist – invisible lines that divide the city, isolate some of its inhabitants and inhibit social mobility. This paper will look at the conditions that create divisions in London and will examine strategies that can break down the physical and psychological barriers within cities. It will use the Kings Cross regeneration scheme as a central case study.
Ciudades divididas
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Fernández, Roberto
Astrágalo 29 aparece con la intención monográfica –al cuidado de la Editora Invitada Alona Martínez Pérez (investigadora y docente de Montfort University, Leicester, Reino Unido)–, de presentar diversas miradas de fenómenos urbanos bajo la condición de división, segregación, desgarramiento, conflictividad, des-integración y muchas otras diversas y semejantes características que anidan en cada artículo.
Between contested opaque territories and spontaneous reappropriation: divided Nicosia
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Gulari, Melehat Nil; Zecca, Cecilia
This paper discusses the concepts of conflict and border in relation to place and identity reflecting on narratives and meanings of dividing urban and civil borders. It takes the divided Greek and Turkish society living in Nicosia as a case study. The significance of the wall, as an explicit expression of division, is discussed but also overturned by looking at its closure and its permeability when Nicosia’s sealed borders opened again for everyday crossing. The inquiry speculates an alternative path informed by Glissant’s concept of Opacity, Agamben and Nancy’s non-essentialist approaches non-community to look at entangled deep-rooted ethnic divisions and fragments of shared cultures. To inform urban epistemology, two bottom-up examples are analysed using De Certeau’s concepts of everyday life: Home for Cooperation, which is a neutral space in the buffer zone for unified collectively and Occupy Buffer-zone Movement, which has occupied a non-place and transformed it into a public square through grassroots activism. The paper highlights that in order to draw a feasible future of Cyprus, an anti-essentialist acceptance of the multiple and eclectic origins of the context is needed. In this sense, the tangible and intangible meaning of division requires a shift of meaning, from delimitation, classification, separation to a porous element of balance and calibration. The top-down urban models and concept of inclusiveness have been shaken by the temporal civic grassroots communities, and this demonstrates that collective participation fosters the reappropriation of public space, overturning the perception and the experience of the border of differences. This contributes to theorizing a critical and reflective, rather than idealistic, practice of participation in urban design.
La ciudad híbrida informal del África Subsahariana atrapada hoy entre el legado colonial de la 'maldición' y la 'exotificación'
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Martínez Fons, Lola
El colonialismo llevado a cabo por las potencias europeas en el África Subsahariana, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados y finales del siglo XX, fracturaría su historia y su territorio urbano dejando una huella que todavía hoy es visible en las grandes diferencias regionales fruto de la organización macrocefálica de las colonias europeas y en las tramas de algunas de sus ciudades. En ellas la segregación racial ha dado paso a una segregación socio-económica que se ve potenciada por un pensamiento y conocimientos colonizados que recurren a modelos europeos para conceptualizar y codificar la ciudad. Una codificación que los colonizadores desplegaron en sus ciudades coloniales de forma que a todo aquello que escapaba a su entendimiento y formas de hacer ciudad se le asignó el código de informal. Estas estructuras urbanas informales en las que los africanos fueron confinados se transformarían en arenas de creación e innovación social, técnica y cultural: formas híbridas urbanas que integraban influencias occidentales y tradicionales. Estas ciudades híbridas construyen hoy en algunos países africanos más de la mitad de su tejido urbano, son lugares de experimentación y aprendizaje —incubadoras de pensamiento fronterizo— que, sin embargo, siguen atrapadas en un marco conceptual inadecuado que se materializa espacial y mentalmente entre dos extremos: la maldición y la exotificación.
Belfast Interregnum: walls, voids and forward to new ground and porous borders
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Mackel, Ciaran
Good cities reward those who walk, looking outwards and upwards, and reflecting on the paths taken and on the sauntering asides that open an easy relationship with the city and its neighbourhoods. The Spanish paseo and the Italian passeggiata are, of course, as much about meeting friends and family as about using the connecting streets and passageways between one part of the city and another, and such act of walking is liberating, enjoyable and important in the making of place. Belfast does not, in many neighbourhoods, have that easy, social connectivity. The once easy cross-city network of minor streets is, in large part, gone. Interface walls, motorways, and other barriers and separation devices are not overtly visible in the commercial city core but continue to define key emblematic BELFAST INTERREGNUM: WALLS, VOIDS, AND FORWARD TO NEW GROUND AND POROUS BORDERS Ciaran Mackel Ulster University, Belfast, mackelciaran@gmail.com ASTRÁGALO. Cultura de la Arquitectura y de la Ciudad, 29 (2021). ISSNe: 2469-0503 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Article https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/astragalo.2021.i29.04 neighbourhoods. And the growth of smallscale political tourism manifested in several bus, black-taxi trails and short neighbourhood walks to visit the interface areas and their walls, have potential result, unfortunately, that such walls, as artefacts of conflict, could tend towards permanence. As one of many post-conflict cities, Belfast is still emerging from its historical and localised condition of manifested deepseated sectarianism, where identities and allegiances are linked to a strongly held sense of ownership of territory. Hence, the reluctance to build in void spaces that could help resolve the housing crisis and be model for housingled regeneration and model for developmentpartnering for change with the public, private and community sectors. The once daily reality in the small nurture-field city-of-camouflage and the desire BELFAST INTERREGNUM: WALLS, VOIDS, AND FORWARD TO NEW GROUND AND POROUS BORDERS 76 || ASTRAGALO Nº 29 | Diciembre, December, Dezembro 2021 | Article | ISSN 2469-0503 for a more-connected city and neighbourhood does, however, have creative possibility, where conflict, friction, and collaborative opportunity –the collision and kiss of confluence– as creative act, can influence and impact one upon the other, that, as we know, sparks fly: alight. The spirit of self-help and community resilience, the confluence of history, cultural continuity, and an urgent need to act remains an opportunity for transformative change: for the making of new ground in an emerging city-form
Fragmentos urbanos de Guerra Fría en el “tercer mundo”
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Quintana, Francisco J.; Salazar Oyacer, Bárbara; Bier, Melinka
En 1949, en el discurso inaugural para su segundo período presidencial, Harry S. Truman proclamó una agenda de colaboración entre los Estados Unidos y las áreas subdesarrolladas del mundo, con el objetivo de reducir la pobreza a través de un desarrollo impulsado por los conocimientos y avances tecnológicos de su país. En 1973, Robert McNamara, presidente del Banco Mundial, instaba a erradicar la pobreza absoluta promoviendo estrategias que lograsen una distribución más equitativa de los beneficios del crecimiento económico. En ambas agendas internacionales se incluyeron políticas habitacionales para alcanzar sus objetivos. El artículo explora el rol que cumplieron la arquitectura y el diseño urbano en estos programas, a través de la revisión de conjuntos de vivienda construidos en ciudades y paisajes de América Latina, África y Asia, en el contexto de la Guerra Fría. En ambos momentos históricos se utilizó la estrategia de autoconstrucción asistida para llegar a la población con menos recursos económicos. Por una parte, entre las múltiples críticas que recibieron estas operaciones, estuvo la segregación social que producirían. Por otra, veremos cómo estos conjuntos se articularían como fragmentos urbanos que, a través de su diseño y equipamiento comunitario, apoyarían el desarrollo social de los pobladores. El primer momento que revisaremos corresponde a los inicios de la promoción internacional de políticas de autoconstrucción por parte de instituciones estadounidenses; el segundo, es el instante en que el Banco Mundial expande esta agenda globalmente incorporando, por primera vez, el problema habitacional urbano entre sus proyectos. En estos dos períodos la vivienda fue incluida para promover un crecimiento económico, así como para extender las fronteras geopolíticas del primer mundo –liderado por Estados Unidos– hacia los países del tercer mundo.
Identidades en conflicto: Belfast desgarrada: sobre “No digas nada” de Patrick Radden Keefe
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Fernández, Roberto
Berlin ist irre!: Franziska Linkerhand, de Brigitte Reimann
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Tapia Martín, Carlos
Razón de las ilustraciones
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Krige, Leon
Dividing a City: Real Estate Mega-Speculation and Contention in Miami, Florida
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Tardanico, Richard; Oslender, Ulrich
Miami is not a newcomer to the history of gentrification that has reshaped the urban fabric in cities all over the world. Yet a new mega project to be implemented in Miami’s Little Haiti neighborhood represents a strategic capitalist modification of the city’s previous processes of class-based and racialized socio-territorial dispossession and displacement. As we argue in this paper, Little Haiti’s Magic City Innovation District stands emblematic for a global boom in financialized urban corporate accumulation, which presents new challenges to local communities. We ask, what practical political options does a predominantly poor minority community have in confronting such challenges? Our discussion of Miami’s Little Haiti suggests two conclusions: first, that real estate mega speculation potentially exacerbates politico-social divisions within such a community, subverts its capacity for resistance, and renders it more vulnerable to large-scale dispossession and displacement; and second, that mega speculation exacerbates socio-territorial divisions and inequalities within the fabric of a wider metropolis.
Lugares de exclusividad y exclusión: de la casa al barrio y de la ciudad al islote
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Pantelidou, Charikleia
En las últimas décadas nos enfrentamos a una transformación urbana basada en la exclusividad. Los barrios cerrados se encuentran en todo el mundo en un intento de las clases medias de protegerse frente al otro mediante la práctica de métodos de injusticia espacial. Sin embargo, lo que distingue el caso de los barrios cerrados de otros métodos de exclusión urbana es el hecho de que la exclusión del «otro» es coherente con la restricción de lo «normal» mientras que al mismo tiempo los conceptos de interior y exterior se reinterpretan y redefinen, en referencia a la espacialidad. En este contexto, la ciudad contemporánea adquiere nuevas formas y significados, alejándose de la organización espacial contemporánea y las correlaciones habituales de formaciones espaciales y sociales. Surgen las preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las cualidades espaciales y sociales de los barrios cerrados? y ¿cómo el fenómeno de los barrios cerrados transforma el espacio urbano moderno. A través de la elaboración teórica del tema y el análisis del contenido de una novela de literatura contemporánea intentamos conocer las transformaciones e inversiones que se producen en el paisaje urbano en la realidad contemporánea de la exclusión espacio-social.
Learning from The Falls (túath na bhFál) and Bombay Street Project (architect Seán Mackel), Belfast: urban reflections from the most divided and resilient streets in Western Europe.
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Martínez Pérez, Alona
This paper examines the Falls Road (located in West Belfast) which is a largely Catholic/Irish Republican neighbourhood particularly relevant during the conflict known as The Troubles, which affected Northern Ireland for some forty years from the late 1960s until 1998. During this period and to this day, Falls Road became the heart of Irish republicanism and the most divided street in Western Europe. The human cost of the conflict was more than 3,500 dead. On the other side of the wall is the other street, the Shankhill Road (Protestant and Unionist). This gives a clear picture of the impact of the conflict in the context of street life before The Troubles began. The Falls Road in West Belfast, which runs from Divis Street to Andersonstown, derives from the expression túath na bhFál, which in Irish means “territory of the enclosures”. I have worked as an architect and LEARNING FROM THE FALLS (TÚATH NA BHFÁL) AND BOMBAY STREET PROJECT (ARCHITECT SEÁN MACKEL), BELFAST: URBAN REFLECTIONS FROM THE MOST DIVIDED AND RESILIENT STREETS IN WESTERN EUROPE Alona Martínez Pérez De Montfort University, Architecture Design and Humanities, Leicester School of Architecture, Leicester, United Kingdom alona.martinezperez@dmu.ac.uk ASTRÁGALO. Cultura de la Arquitectura y de la Ciudad, 29 (2021). ISSNe: 2469-0503 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Article https://dx.doi.org/10.12795/astragalo.2021.i29.03 researcher for over a decade in the city on both sides of the wall. This paper examines the typology of the divided street and its transition into a successful example of Irish renaissance culture and urban regeneration. The paper is divided into two parts in which the Falls Strip will be dissected:1x The Falls (lower part of the street), 2-Bombay Street (architect Seán Mackel). I will use Manuel de Solà-Morales’ approach to the construction of this street in Belfast as an “urban city of conflict”, as a succession of episodes, data, dates, facts, details and events and interpretations and the opening of the street in this case to understand the lessons that can be drawn from a clear typological study of the street in two sections
So close yet so far: divided contexts on the Mexico-Guatemala border
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Zapata Montalvo, Luis Fernando
La frontera entre México y Guatemala es el resultado de la confluencia geopolítica de dos países con prioridades diferentes, generando diferentes formas de organización en la vida de sus habitantes y de las personas que transitan por esta zona. Este contexto ha creado condiciones de interacción sobre lo que cada país considera legal, ilegal y punible, dando lugar a varias interpretaciones de los fenómenos migratorios. Son contextos reales que adoptan el tránsito de personas. Situaciones que son posibles y dan sentido a la vida de muchas personas en contextos divididos. Este artículo presenta una visión general de dos lugares transfronterizos entre México y Guatemala que pretenden describir la zona fronteriza y la movilidad de las personas como un fenómeno social. ¿Qué motiva a las personas a moverse entre ambos países? y ¿cuáles son las relaciones y decisiones vinculadas a que alguien o algo pueda moverse y decida hacerlo? más aún cuando esta movilidad supone el cruce de una frontera delimitada políticamente, son algunas de las preguntas planteadas en este artículo. Para responder a estas preguntas, realicé un enfoque cualitativo, que pretende lograr una mejor comprensión de la dinámica de las personas que viven en estos lugares.
Divided Past, Divided Future: from Cape to Johannesburg, South Africa
(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, 2021) Krige, Leon
From the early history of Homo sapiens, survival of the fittest depends on co-operation. Humans formed settlements where the hunter-gatherers became warriors, while agrarians became farmers. This created a mutual relationship, where the warriors offered protection in exchange for produce. Later colonial settlements were established by explorers, from Europe, as hunter-gatherers, but they muted into farmer-producers for expansion and then back to warriors for survival. Colonial explorers annexed new terrain using Western forms of contract and title deeds unknown to those who roamed these lands before. The colonizers used addictive substance such as alcohol and tobacco which was almost unknown to indigenous tribes, weakening their morale and opening the door for exploitation. In Africa, as in other colonized terrain, these events left a bitter tension between colonizers and indigenous inhabitants, with a history of slavery, war and racial divide as the long term damage. Legal systems were used to manipulate and control, from the Cape to Johannesburg and in between. This history and its outfall is summarized with reflection on the current status quo which has moved from racial to economic inequality, described in Soweto and Alexandra, two prominent townships of Johannesburg.

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