Pullback Attractors for Three-Dimensional Non-Autonomous Navier-Stokes-Voigt Equations

Abstract

In this paper, we consider a non-autonomous Navier–Stokes–Voigt model, with which a continuous process can be associated. We study the existence and relationship between minimal pullback attractors for this process in two different frameworks, namely, for the universe of fixed bounded sets, and also for another universe given by a tempered condition.Since the model does not have a regularizing effect, obtaining asymptotic compactness for the process is a more involved task. We prove this in a relatively simple way just using an energy method. Our results simplify—and in some aspects generalize—some of those obtained previously for the autonomous and non-autonomous cases, since for example in section 4, regularity is not required for the boundary of the domain and the force may take values in V′. Under additional suitable assumptions, regularity results for these families of attractors are also obtained, via bootstrapping arguments. Finally, we also conclude some results concerning the attraction in the D(A) norm.