Binomio innovación-internacionalización y su relación con la estrategia en las empresas innovadoras localizadas en Andalucía

Abstract

Este artículo tiene como objetivos por un lado, estudiar los rasgos del proceso innovador de las empresas establecidas en Andalucía en función de los diferentes criterios de internacionalización elegidos (inversión directa extranjera, acuerdos contractuales, cooperación, exportación directa e indirecta) y, por otro, delimitar los rasgos principales de la estrategia formulada por estas empresas atendiendo a las actividades de I+D e innovación Para ello hemos detectado las variables fundamentales que contribuyen a caracterizar la estrategia (innovadora y tecnológica) en relación con las actividades de innovación de 175 firmas innovadoras internacionalizadas en Andalucía (identificadas de una muestra de 263) a través del análisis factorial y de cluster. Esto nos ha permitido realizar una taxonomía de empresas en función de los tres grandes grupos de variables (innovación, estrategia e internacionalización) para estudiar así las interrelaciones que se establecen entre ellas y poder corroborar que existe una relación positiva entre el proceso innovador y el de internacionalización, comprobar que están jerarquizados y que crecen en la misma dirección favorecidos por la estrategia adoptada. Por último, estudiamos donde se localizan las empresas innovadoras internacionalizadas para deducir si las ciudades medias empiezan a jugar un papel significativo en estos procesos.

From nineties onwards, Andalusia starts to operate in the process of internationalization, considering this as a growth strategy for the international geographic diversification that affects the different activities in the value chain and the organizational structure of the enterprise. Hand in hand, the technological innovation also has known a dynamic phase that is the result of the progressive implementation of new technologies and the use of innovative and non-innovative technologies, producing changes in the managing procedures and introducing Andalusia in the public service economy and industrial one. Up to now, the investigations has not been able to demonstrate adequately that there are connections between innovation and internationalization. This article has as main purposes, on the one hand, the study of the innovative process features of the enterprises located in Andalusia considering the internalization criteria chosen by the enterprises (direct foreign investment, agreements, cooperation, direct and indirect exports) and, in the other hand, to delimit the main features of the strategy taken by these enterprises as far as activities in of R+D and innovation are concerned. In this sense, we have noticed several variables that can help us to define the strategies (innovative and technological) with a group of 175 innovative enterprises in Andalusia (from a sample of 263) with both the factorial analysis techniques and the cluster one. Thus, the taxonomy of the enterprise has been defined considering tree groups of variables (innovation, strategy and internationalization) to study the connections between all of them and to be able to conclude that there is a positive connection in the innovative process and the internationalization one, that both processes are hierarchical and grow in the same direction as a result of the strategy introduced. Finally, we study the location of these innovative and international enterprises to deduce if medium-sized cities have a significant role in all these processes.