PGPR-based Biofertilizer Modulates Strawberry Photosynthetic Apparatus Tolerance Responses by Severe Drought, Soil Salinization and Short Extreme Heat Event

Abstract

Drought, soil salinization and the extreme heat events increments associate to climate change will notably impact sensitive crop species, such as strawberry. A greenhouse experiment was arranged to evaluate the potential of a PGPR-based biofertilizer, with multiple PGP properties, including ACC deaminase production highly related to the limitation of ethylene levels under abiotic stress, in modulation of photosynthetic apparatus tolerance responses by severe drought (complete water withholding), salinity in irrigation water (340 mM NaCl) and short extreme heat event (37/28 °C maximum and minimum temperature range). Our results show that all stress factors triggered acute injury effects on strawberry carboxylation capacity and photosystem II energy assimilation efficiency ability; whose intensity varied depending on factor nature. However, bacterial inoculation diminished ∼67 %, 20 % and 18 % the deleterious impact imposed by drought, heat and salinity stress on the net photosynthetic rate (AN). This effect was primarily mediated by counterbalancing the diffusion of CO2 in the stomata and biochemical limitations in response to heat and salinity stress, while the reduction of biochemical damage was more notable in response to drought. Complementarily, inoculation was able to highly buffer the photochemical limitations imposed by all abiotic stress factors tested. Despite these positive effects, the application of PGPR-based biofertilizer was unable to completely reverse the impact of stress factors on strawberry photosynthesis metabolism. However, the signal of these ameliorative effects was significant enough to consider the implementation of PGPR-based biofertilizer application as a complementary tool in the management of strawberry cultivation in increasingly stressful agronomic contexts.