A Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques Applied to Landsat-5 TM Spectral Data for Biomass Estimation

Abstract

Machine learning combines inductive and automated techniques for recognizing patterns. These techniques can be used with remote sensing datasets to map aboveground biomass (AGB) with an acceptable degree of accuracy for evaluation and management of forest ecosystems. Unfortunately, statistically rigorous comparisons of machine learning algorithms are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the 3 most common nonparametric machine learning techniques reported in the literature, vis., Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and Random Forest (RF), with that of the parametric multiple linear regression (MLR) for estimating AGB from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) spectral reflectance data, texture features derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and topographical features derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). The results obtained for 99 permanent sites (for calibration/validation of the models) established during the winter of 2011 by systematic sampling in the state of Durango (Mexico), showed that SVM performed best once the parameterization had been optimized. Otherwise, SVM could be outperformed by RF. However, the kNN yielded the best overall results in relation to the goodness-of-fit measures. The findings confirm that nonparametric machine learning algorithms are powerful tools for estimating AGB with datasets derived from sensors with medium spatial resolution.