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dc.creatorAlcaide-Fernández, Joaquínes
dc.date.accessioned2021-11-24T18:37:02Z
dc.date.available2021-11-24T18:37:02Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.identifier.citationAlcaide Fernández, J. (2020). Countermeasures. En Oxford Bibliographies in International Law (pp. 1-44). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
dc.identifier.isbn9780199796953es
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/127656
dc.description.abstractAs used in modern practice, judicial decisions, and literature, the term “countermeasures” covers the main part of the classical subject of “reprisals,” to which the first monographs of international law were devoted in the 14th century (B. de Sassoferrato and G. de Legnano). Two features used to be attached to countermeasures: (a) they are unilateral or individual measures adopted directly and independently by a state that takes the law into its own hands as based on the state’s “subjective” qualification of another state’s prior act as illegal (“selfhelp” or “self-protection”); (b) the measures would be essentially illegal if not for the fundamental prerequisite of the “objective” existence of a prior wrongful act committed by the state against which the countermeasures are adopted, and for the fulfillment of other requirements, substantive limits, and procedural conditions. In legal literature sometimes countermeasures not only include these measures but also those called “retorsion”: these are unfriendly and perhaps also retaliatory but not illegal irrespective of the conduct of the state these measures are taken against. The measures of retorsion have fallen outside the scope of the International Law Commission’s (ILC’s) work on international responsibility. On the other hand, countermeasures are not always differentiated from “sanctions” (or institutionalized coercive measures), and from unilateral measures to enforce “sanctions.” The development of judicial and institutional processes for furthering compliance and enforcement in general international law has not yet excluded such unsatisfactory legal remedies, as states’ practice and opinio juris (or the judicial decisions) prove. Legal scholars are also practically unanimous to recognize the admissibility of law enforcement through countermeasures, whether they consider it expressly or implicitly an exception or a right/faculty (or duty) of states. And so, this recognition is extended to international organizations. The ILC has taken note of all that, having contributed to the more precise development and definition of the countermeasures’ legal regime. The debates have been mainly on the conditions and restrictions to neutralize or reduce the risk of abuse, less on the pros and cons of the codification of that regime. Concerning the legality and legitimacy of countermeasures, there are other requirements related to, inter alia, their object (law-enforcement, not punishment), necessity and proportionality, temporary and reversible character, or the other obligations where fulfillment cannot be suspended as a countermeasure, all of them addressed by the ILC’s draft articles on responsibility.es
dc.formatapplication/pdfes
dc.format.extent44es
dc.language.isoenges
dc.publisherOxford University Presses
dc.relation.ispartofOxford Bibliographies in International Lawes
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/*
dc.subjectCountermeasureses
dc.subjectInternational lawes
dc.subjectInternational Law Commissiones
dc.subjectInternational Court of Justicees
dc.subjectHuman Rightses
dc.titleCountermeasureses
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bookPartes
dcterms.identifierhttps://ror.org/03yxnpp24
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiones
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesses
dc.contributor.affiliationUniversidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionaleses
dc.identifier.doi10.1093/OBO/9780199796953-0072es
dc.contributor.groupUniversidad de Sevilla. SEJ112: Estudios Internacionales y Europeoses
dc.publication.initialPage1es
dc.publication.endPage44es
dc.relation.publicationplaceOxfordes

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