Article
In Vitro Safety Assessment of Reduced Graphene Oxide in Human Monocytes and T Cells.
Author/s | Cebadero Domínguez, Óscar
Casas Rodríguez, Antonio Puerto Rodríguez, María Cameán Fernández, Ana María Jos Gallego, Ángeles Mencía |
Department | Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal |
Publication Date | 2023 |
Deposit Date | 2023-11-17 |
Published in |
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Awards | Premio Mensual Publicación Científica Destacada de la US. Facultad de Farmacia |
Abstract | Considering the increase in the use of graphene derivatives in different fields, the environmental and human exposure to these materials is likely, and the potential consequences are not fully elucidated. This study is ... Considering the increase in the use of graphene derivatives in different fields, the environmental and human exposure to these materials is likely, and the potential consequences are not fully elucidated. This study is focused on the human immune system, as this plays a key role in the organism's homeostasis. In this sense, the cytotoxicity response of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was investigated in monocytes (THP-1) and human T cells (Jurkat). A mean effective concentration (EC50-24 h) of 121.45 ± 11.39 μg/mL and 207.51 ± 21.67 μg/mL for cytotoxicity was obtained in THP-1 and Jurkat cells, respectively. rGO decreased THP-1 monocytes differentiation at the highest concentration after 48 h of exposure. Regarding the inflammatory response at genetic level, rGO upregulated IL-6 in THP-1 and all cytokines tested in Jurkat cells after 4 h of exposure. At 24 h, IL-6 upregulation was maintained, and a significant decrease of TNF-α gene expression was observed in THP-1 cells. Moreover, TNF-α, and INF-γ upregulation were maintained in Jurkat cells. With respect to the apoptosis/necrosis, gene expression was not altered in THP-1 cells, but a down regulation of BAX and BCL-2 was observed in Jurkat cells after 4 h of exposure. These genes showed values closer to negative control after 24 h. Finally, rGO did not trigger a significant release of any cytokine at any exposure time assayed. In conclusion, our data contributes to the risk assessment of this material and suggest that rGO has an impact on the immune system whose final consequences should be further investigated. |
Funding agencies | European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) Junta de Andalucía |
Project ID. | US-1259106
P18-RT-1993 |
Referenced by | Cebadero Domínguez, Ó., Casas Rodríguez, A.,...,Jos Gallego, Á.M. (2022). Study the immunotoxic effect of reduced graphene [Dataset]. idUS (Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla). https://doi.org/10.12795/11441/152721 |
Citation | Cebadero Domínguez, Ó., Casas Rodríguez, A., Puerto Rodríguez, M., Cameán Fernández, A.M. y Jos Gallego, Á.M. (2023). In Vitro Safety Assessment of Reduced Graphene Oxide in Human Monocytes and T Cells.. Environmental Research, 232, 116356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116356. |
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