2025-06-062025-06-062025Vuorikari, R., Pokropek, A. y Castaño Muñoz, J. (2025). Enhancing digital skills assessment: introducing compact tools for measuring digital competence. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 104938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-025-09825-x.2211-16622211-1670https://hdl.handle.net/11441/174049Today, individuals interact with digital technologies in a plethora of ways requiring a range of digital skills, knowledge and attitudes—a combination that forms digital competence. Traditional digital skills measurements are often lengthy and complex, hindering real-world applications. Therefore, this study addresses the need for efficient digital competence measurement tools by developing and validating two concise instruments aligned with the Digital Competence Framework for Citizens (DigComp). Mini-21 offers an instrument that covers all 21 competences and a nano-6 version captures the five core areas of the framework. These instruments enable quick and concise digital competence assessments in various settings; for initial screening, diagnostic of low-skilled individuals for targeted educational interventions, and integration into broader surveys. Psychometric analyses (confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory methods, measurement invariance, internal consistency and concurrent validity) of 460 respondents from Latvia and Spain confirm their high validity and reliability. Furthermore, by comparing psychometric models, the study demonstrates the superiority of tools integrating the three attributes of competence: knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The alignment of our findings with the European Union's DigComp framework guarantees their grounding in an established theory. It offers practical benefits promoting their immediate application in education and training settings, especially where DigComp has been adoptedapplication/pdfengAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Digital competence · Measurement · Digital skills · Attitudes · DigCompinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess10.1007/s10758-025-09825-x