Padilla Cruz, Manuel2016-02-112016-02-1120140271-5309http://hdl.handle.net/11441/34609Stemming from real or seeming incompetence, the pragmatic failures L2 learners and LF speakers often commit may lead to stereotyping and negative labelling as a consequence of hearers' mindreading abilities and relevance-driven interpretation of communicative behaviour. Pragmatic incompetence may incite hearers to erroneously attribute beliefs, intentions or feelings to speakers because of lowered epistemic vigilance and to sustain a specific type of epistemic injustice, which, borrowing from social epistemology, is here labelled pragmatic-hermeneutical injustice. Pragmatic-hermeneutical injustices could be avoided or overcome if hearers' vigilance triggered a shift of processing strategy from naïve optimism to cautious optimism.application/pdfengAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Pragmatic failureRelevance theoryEpistemic vigilanceEpistemic injusticeHermeneutical injusticeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.langcom.2014.08.002