Cárdenas Miyar, AlfonsoCantero Sánchez, Francisco JavierLeón Rubio, José MaríaLeón Pérez, José María2025-10-152025-10-152025Cárdenas Miyar, A., Cantero Sánchez, F.J., León Rubio, J.M. y León Pérez, J.M. (2025). Profiles of exposure to face-to-face and cyberbullying at work: A latent class analysis in Spain. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 20, 100822.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100822.2451-9588https://hdl.handle.net/11441/177680This study investigates the co-occurrence of face-to-face bullying (FWB) and cyberbullying (CWB) in workplace settings. In doing so, we opted to use a person-centered approach with latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct patterns of bullying experiences rather than general prevalence rates. Using a panel survey design, participants reported the frequency of exposure to both FWB and CWB (n = 1995; Mage = 42; SDage = 9.23; 53.6 % women). A LCA conducted with the R statistical package poLCA revealed that a 5 cluster solution fits data best (BIC: 36163, AIC: 34461; Entropy: 0.917; G2 = 13779). These clusters can be classified into the following categories: (1) individuals not exposed to bullying behaviors at all (53.84 %); (2) those rarely exposed only to face-to-face bullying behaviors (28.76 %); (3) those rarely exposed to both cyber-and face-to-face bullying behaviors (3.84 %); (4) those exposed to face-to-face bullying behaviors (5.52 %); and (5) those exposed to both cyber-and face-to-face bullying behaviors (8.04 %). Therefore, most of the participants can be considered at low risk of bullying victimization (86.44 %, grouping clusters 1 to 3), whereas 13.56 % of the participants can be considered bullying targets (grouping clusters 4 and 5). Our results suggest that a significant proportion of individuals encounter FWB and CWB together, indicating a complex bullying landscape within workplaces. Thus, our findings underscore the importance of tailored organizational policies that consider the varied experiences of bullying to prevent them and foster a healthier work environment.9 p.engAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Workplace incivilityWorkplace bullyingMobbingPrevalenceVictimization profilesLatent cluster analysisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100822