Tesis (Sociología)

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Examinando Tesis (Sociología) por Materia "labour market policies"

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    Acceso AbiertoTesis Doctoral
    The International Labour Migration Determinants: the Case of Turkish Migrations to the European Union 2008-2018
    (2022-09-06) Dudu, Selda; Rojo, Teresa; Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Sociología
    The decision of workers to migrate from one country to another and the choice of destination are mostly related to differences in quality and welfare between labour markets. This has been confirmed by multiple authors in the scientific literature on labour migration: that workers are mainly attracted by the opportunity of better wages and working conditions in the receiving country. But what happens when the economic distance between the labour markets of the sending and receiving countries or territories shortens, and what other factors explain the continuity of migration in such cases? The fact that migrations continue to take place an interest in deepening our knowledge of how labour market factors operate, as well as the weight that other socio-cultural and/or political factors may have on the decision to emigrate and to choose a destination. The aim of this research is to study the evolution of the variables that affect the decision to emigrate and to choose migration destination, through the study of the case of Turkish emigration to the European Union between 2008 and 2018. The case of Turkish labour migration to the EU is of special interest to deepen the research question because they are migrations with a long trajectory, starting in the 1960s and their evolution after the 2008 crisis is little studied. Moreover, Turkey applied in 1963 for accession to the then European Community and since 2005 is in negotiations to meet the requirements. The hypothesis that this research aims to test is that political and cultural variables have become increasingly important in the decision to emigrate, especially since the 2008 crisis. The research conducted is structured in four parts: an introduction and theoretical framework composed of two chapters; the methodology composed of one chapter; the results composed of five chapters; the discussion and conclusions. In total there are four parts and ten chapters. The introduction and theoretical framework contain a review of the scientific literature on the subject of labour markets and labour emigration and culminates in the elaboration of a model of the variables involved in the decision to emigrate or the choice of migratory destination. The variables are classified into four large groups of determinant variables involved: Security based; Economic/Labour Market; Social and Geographical. The methodology is quantitative (descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression analysis), qualitative (literature and legislative review; as well as document analysis), historical evolution (of statistical series and events) and case study (the case of Turkish migration to the EU). The first chapter of results, Chapter IV of the thesis, contains the descriptive study of the European Union as an organization of member states and as a labour market. It deals with a brief history of the European Union as an organization that was originally created with a small number of countries, another name, and few institutions. But over the years it has expanded in different phases. In addition to the history of institutional change, plans for future enlargement and the Copenhagen Criteria adopted since 1993 to regulate accessions are reviewed. The chapter closes with an analysis of the case of Turkey and its compliance with the accession criteria in labour matters. The second chapter of the results part, Chapter V of the thesis, reviews labour legislation, its legislative process, and institutions such as the European Court of Justice or the European Works Councils, as well as the compliance of the member states with the Union's policies. Specifically, the evolution of European Union legislation concerning immigrants is addressed. The chapter ends with a historical analysis of Turkish migrations to the European Union, from 1960 to 2018. In a third chapter of the results part, Chapter VI of the thesis, the EU labour market after 2008 is analysed. The analysis is carried out in four parts: economic indicators, quality of employment, social dialogue, and the social situation in the European Union. In a fourth chapter of the results part, Chapter VII of the thesis, a comparative study of the labour market policies of a selection of EU countries is presented. Five countries are analysed: Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Estonia. They have been selected because they represent different models of social welfare systems within the European Union. The fifth chapter of the results part, Chapter VIII of the thesis, presents the results of a regression analysis on the determinants of migration destination choices of Turkish people in the EU. After that, it continues with the labour income effects of migration experience on the Turkish labour market. Since the Turkish people mostly migrate to the EU, it points out an asset of a return of migration back from Europe. This part finishes with the testing of labour income effects on migration experience on the Turkish labour market from a gender perspective. The study results have highlighted all the variables of the model of decisions to emigrate and choose a migratory destination. There are especially three that are decisive. The first is the determinant of the economy and labour market, with all its specific variables, which was the determinant that was considered hypothetically relevant from the beginning. The other determinant is security, within which two variables stand out: the legal status of the country of destination and the political pressure of the country of origin. And the third determinant is social, within which the immigrant social community variable stands out. Turkish social communities have been formed in Europe through family reunification or new immigration since the 1960s.